Zoom to upper 400 m (near-surface sound channel) Numerical modelling of sound propagation is an essential tool to assess the potential risk of air-gun shots on marine mammals and derive exposure zone radii within which certain hearing thresholds are exceeded. Here, the results of a detailed 2.5D finite-difference (FD) modelling study are presented, which takes the sound velocity profile of the ...

0006-3207/$ see front matter 2012 Elsevier Ltd. A http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.08.005 ⇑ Corresponding author. Address: Greenland Ins Strandgade 91, 3, DK-1016 Copenhagen, Denmark. T 32833801. E-mail address: [email protected] (M.P. Heide-Jørgen There is great interest in exploring and exploiting hydrocarbon resources in the Arctic, and one of themain methods of locating and assessing such...

Masonry structures are complex systems that require a thorough and detailed knowledge and information regarding their behaviour under seismic excitations. Appropriate modelling of a masonry structure is a prerequisite for a reliable earthquake resistant design or assessment. However, modelling a real structure to a robust quantitative (mathematical) representation is a very difficult, complex a...

Ground response analyses are mostly used for the development of design response spectra in the modern earthquake engineering. After 1999 Marmara Earthquake, the damages were mostly related with unavailable soil conditions and this unavailability were analysed according to liquefaction analysis. The other analyses which cover the dynamic soil properties were not studied in detail. In this study,...

A gas distribution system comprises two main categories of components: (i) a number of point-like critical facilities (reduction stations and groups); and (ii) pipelines constituting the distribution network. The causes of earthquake damage to components of gas systems include permanent ground deformation (PGD) hazard produced by fault displacements, landslides, liquefaction of sandy soils, as ...

We discuss three approaches to seismic interferometry and compare their underlying assumptions. In the first approach the reflection response is reconstructed by cross-correlating the responses of many uncorrelated noise sources. In the second approach a depth image is obtained from the response of a single source, recorded by many receivers. In the third approach the Green’s function is recons...

The main objective of this article is to assess the expected seismic damage in reinforced concrete buildings from a probabilistic point of view by using Monte Carlo simulation. To do that, the seismic behavior of the building is studied by using random capacity obtained by considering the mechanical properties of the materials as random variables. Starting from the capacity curves, one can obta...

Earthquake Early Warning Systems (EEWS), based on real-time prediction of ground motion or structural response measures, may play a role in reducing vulnerability and/or exposition of buildings and lifelines. In fact, recently seismologists developed efficient methods for rapid estimation of event features by means of limited information of the P-waves. Then, when an event is occurring, probabi...

To assess risk factors associated with deaths and injuries in a major earthquake area. First, we used the official data including 824 seismic deaths, 271 serious injuries, and 302 moderate injuries to elucidate and compare the demographic, structural, and injury characteristics among the three groups. Secondly, a population based case-control study was conducted to examine how structural factor...