OBJECTIVE The authors systematically reviewed the management of treatment-refractory depression in older people (defined as age 55 or older). METHOD The authors conducted an electronic database search and reviewed the 14 articles that fit predetermined criteria. Refractory depression was defined as failure to respond to at least one course of treatment for depression during the current illnes...

Alzheimer disease (AD) involves neuronal degeneration with impaired cholinergic transmission in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus in areas of the brain particularly associated with memory and higher intellectual functioning. Other neurotransmitter deficits also occur, but the mechanisms underlying the widespread impairment of synaptic functions remain uncertain. Research on the molecular basi...

1.0 Introduction 1.1 Purpose 1.2 Causes of excessive sleepiness 2.0 Background 3.0 Methods 3.1 Literature search strategy 3.2 Evidence review 4.0 Results 4.1 Treatment of hypersomnia due to narcolepsy with or without cataplexy 4.1.1 Medications 4.1.1.1 Amphetamine, methamphetamine, dextroamphetamine methylphenidate, and related preparations 4.1.1.2 Modafinil and armodafinil 4.1.1.3 Sodium oxyba...

The on-off phenomenon is an almost invariable consequence of sustained levodopa treatment in patients with Parkinson's disease. Phases of immobility and incapacity associated with depression alternate with jubilant thaws. Both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors are involved in its pathogenesis, but evidence is presented to indicate that the importance of levodopa handling has been unde...

BACKGROUND Benign tremulous parkinsonism (BTP) is a tremor dominant syndrome characterized by mild, levodopa-resistant parkinsonism with limited disability or progression. CASE PRESENTATION A 56-year-old woman presented with a 2-year history of tremor. Neurological examination revealed right-hand rest tremor and slow finger tapping with decreased amplitude; however, we did not observe posture...

Parkinson's disease is a common disabling disease of old age. The diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease is based on clinical signs and has poor sensitivity, with about 25% of patients confidently diagnosed as having the disease actually having other conditions such as multi-system atrophy and other parkinsonism-plus syndromes. Benign essential tremor and arteriosclerotic pseudoparkinsonis...