In the late 1970's, when competition was introduced in the United States, competitive forces pushed international telephone prices down. Lower prices resulted, inter alia, in an increase in international calls (and minutes) from the U.S. to countries whose prices were high relative to U.S. prices. This increase in minute volume in turn resulted in a significant increase in settlement payments o...

The majority of marine invertebrates produce dispersive larvae which, in order to complete their life cycles, must attach and metamorphose into benthic forms. This process, collectively referred to as settlement, is often guided by habitat-specific cues. While the sources of such cues are well known, the links between their biological activity, chemical identity, presence and quantification in ...

Using box-counting and spatial regression, this paper analyzes the morphological characteristics of coastal settlement patterns and their spatial determinants, with a case of the Wen-Tai region on the Chinese eastern coast. Coastal settlement patterns, which reflect the interactions between people and the surrounding environment, can indicate the anthropogenic pressure sustained in the coastal ...

We considered Cushing's match/mismatch theory in a heterotrophic environment and hypothesized that settlement and recruitment success in blue mussel are higher when the food supply is rich in polyunsaturated and essential fatty acids (PUFA/EFA). To test this hypothesis, we monitored larval development as well as fatty acid composition in trophic resources during two successive reproductive seas...

1. Two common species of acorn barnacle, Chthamalus montagui and C. stellatus , with similar resource needs, occur together on rocky shores of NW Europe but differ in their adult distribution over two environmental gradients, wave exposure and vertical height on the shore. 2. A sampling programme was undertaken over 2 years to determine the causal mechanisms of this differential distribution. T...

Models of settlement Various lines of evidence indicate that the ‘homeland’, or Hawaiiki, of the early Polynesian settlers of Aotearoa was eastern Polynesia (e.g. see Sutton, 1994; Howe, 2003). Establishing the timing of settlement has been problematic, however. The most recent and reliable evidence, both from archaeological and natural sites, points consistently to initial settlement between c...

The centralized market for the settlement of credit default swaps (CDS), which governs more than $10 trillion’s worth of outstanding CDS contracts, has been criticized for mispricing the defaulted bonds that underlie the contracts. I take a mechanism design approach to the settlement of CDS contracts. I fully characterize robust settlement mechanisms that deliver unbiased prices for the underly...

We describe a time series analysis that differentiates the effects of variable larval supply and the mortality impact of shell disease on cohorts of the American lobster Homarus americanus in a southern New England, USA, coastal population. Prior to the onset of a shell disease epizootic in 1997, larval settlement alone fully explained 82% of the variation in the numbers of pre-recruit lobsters...

The Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus, is a commercially, culturally, and ecologically significant species in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), whose offshore stages were likely impacted by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (DWH). To test for DWH effects and to better understand the planktonic ecology of this species, we monitored Callinectes spp. megalopal settlement and condition at sites within and outsi...

This paper suggests a new set of analytical solutions for predicting leakage-induced seepage field and ground settlement in saturated clay. A unique feature of the solutions presented is considering the effect of the tunnel lining through the relative permeability between the tunnel and the soil. Through the superposition method, the proposed method can be easily extended to twin parallel tunne...