Payment systems are one of the key Financial Market Infrastructures (FMIs) and have showed remarkable progress over the past two decades. The first half of this chapter focuses on the evolutionary process of payment systems, starting with the Deferred Net Settlement (DNS) system and progressing to the RealTime Gross Settlement (RTGS) system. Subsequently, much more sophisticated payment systems...

Processes occurring early in the life stages of corals can greatly influence the demography of coral populations, and successful settlement of coral larvae that leads to recruitment is a critical life history stage for coral reef ecosystems. Although corals in Singapore persist in one the world's most anthropogenically impacted reef systems, our understanding of the role of coral settlement in ...

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of toxic trough serum gentamicin levels in neonates in the first week of life, with different dosage intervals. METHODS This was a retrospective study of neonates born between 01.07.95 and 31.12.95, who received gentamicin. Data were collected on birth weight, gestation, gentamicin dose, the trough level of gentamicin, serum crea...

Purpose This paper aims to study the type of short-time work (STW) schemes implemented in Spain preserve jobs and workers’ incomes during COVID-19 crisis corresponding labour market outcomes. Design/methodology/approach A dynamic macroeconomic model job creation destruction search matching a dual market. Findings The shows that availability STW does not necessarily prevent large increase unempl...

The Upper Ediacaran to Lower Cambrian of the Sichuan Basin in South China has long been considered be dominated by shallow-water deposition. Hydrocarbon exploration, however, revealed that a NW-SE trending intraplatform trough formed basin during same period. Although different models have proposed, formation and evolution are still not fully understood. In this study, we investigate both origi...

Both ecological and social factors play an important role in determining the structure of animal settlement patterns. While the ecological factors determining animal settlement are generally well known, the relative importance of social factors in mediating fine-scale settlement choices is poorly understood. As a result, we have little knowledge of why individuals choose to settle near specific...

OBJECTIVES The incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in intensive care units in Malaysia is significant. Invasive MRSA infections are commonly treated with vancomycin. In clinical practice, the serum vancomycin trough concentration is used as a surrogate marker of vancomycin efficacy. A low concentration of vancomycin may result in less effective therapy and...