background & importance: primary hemifacial spasm is usually caused by microvascular compression of the facial nerve at its root exit zone at brainstem without any space-occupying pathology. secondary or so-called symptomatic hemifacial spasm has an additional underlying pathology e.g. tumors leading to the microvascular compression. we review and discuss the pathophysiology and the literature ...

OBJECTIVE To determine whether topical menthol 6% gel will relieve a migraine attack. MATERIALS AND METHODS A single-center, open-label pilot trial of 25 patients with at least 1 year of diagnosed episodic migraine and <15 headache days per month. Patients treated one migraine attack with STOPAIN topical menthol 6% gel to skull base within 2 h of headache onset. Headache pain severity was ass...

BACKGROUND Despite an increasing interest in the treatment of clavicle fractures, this is still a not yet defined area in severely injured patients as most studies exclude these patients. Analyzing fracture type and evaluate accompanying injuries can provide valuable information in an early stage of trauma care. OBJECTIVE To identify prevalence, fracture type and accompanying injuries of clav...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Scalp swelling associated with cranial burst fracture, a widely diastatic skull fracture of infants associated with dural laceration and acute cerebral extrusion, may be confused with that of a simple subgaleal hematoma. Both conditions can also be associated with hemorrhagic shock. We sought to improve the early evaluation of infants believed to have sustained cranial bu...

Ollier’s syndrome, a variant of multiple enchondromatosis, is a rare disease with an estimated prevalence of 1/100,000, characterized by multiple enchondromas, asymmetrically involving small bones of the hands and feet, especially the proximal phalanges. Intracranial enchondromas, such as those arising from the skull base are extremely rare. Herein, we report a 25-year-old female, known case of...