The weakness of existing relationships correlating off-axis modulus of elasticity E� to shear mod­ ulus G12 for wood composite panels is demonstrated through presentation of extensive experimental data. A new relationship is proposed that performs better than existing equations found in the literature. This relationship can be manipulated to calculate the shear modulus G12 of orthotropic specim...

Pain and tenderness of the upper trapezius are the major complaints among people with chronic neck and shoulder disorders. Hyper-activation and increased muscle tension of the upper trapezius during arm elevation will cause imbalance of the scapular muscle force and contribute to neck and shoulder disorders. Assessing the elasticity of the upper trapezius in different arm positions is therefore...

Successful metallurgical design of metal-matrix-composites relies on the knowledge of the intrinsic property profiles of the metal matrix and especially the compounds employed for particles, whiskers or fibres. In this work we compiled the key properties melting point, bulk modulus, shear modulus, Young׳s modulus, density, hardness, Poisson׳s ratio and structure/space group from the widespread ...

BACKGROUND Estimation of an individual muscle force still remains one of the main challenges in biomechanics. In this way, the present study aimed: (1) to determine whether an elastography technique called Supersonic Shear Imaging (SSI) could be used to estimate muscle force, (2) to compare this estimation to that one provided by surface electromyography (EMG), and (3) to determine the effect o...

The rheological behaviour of ethylene glycol-based nanofluids containing hexagonal scalenohedral-shaped α-Fe2O3 (hematite) nanoparticles at 303.15 K and particle weight concentrations up to 25% has been carried out using a cone-plate Physica MCR rheometer. The tests performed show that the studied nanofluids present non-Newtonian shear-thinning behaviour. In addition, the viscosity at a given s...

Using positional data from video microscopy of a two-dimensional colloidal system and from simulations of hard disks, we determine the wave-vector-dependent elastic dispersion relations in glass. The emergence of rigidity based on the existence of a well defined displacement field in amorphous solids is demonstrated. Continuum elastic theory is recovered in the limit of long wavelengths which p...

It is shown that the shoving model expression for the average relaxation time of viscous liquids, according to which the activation energy is proportional to the instantaneous shear modulus, follows largely from a classical "landscape" estimation of barrier heights from curvature at energy minima. Although the activation energy in this reasoning involves both instantaneous bulk and shear moduli...

A rheological law based on the concept of cooperatively sheared flow zones is presented, in which the effective thermodynamic state variable controlling flow is identified to be the isoconfigurational shear modulus of the liquid. The law captures Newtonian as well as non-Newtonian viscosity data for glass-forming metallic liquids over a broad range of fragility. Acoustic measurements on specime...

Two types of measurement are presented that relate molecular events to macroscopic behavior of F-actin networks. First, shear modulus is measured by oscillating an embedded microbead. Second, a microbead is translated at constant rate and transitions in the resisting force are observed. The loading rate dependence of the force at the transitions is similar to that of the molecular unbinding for...

[1] We have determined by first principles the athermal elastic constant tensor, single crystal and aggregated acoustic velocities, and anisotropy of the recently discovered post-perovskite MgSiO3 polymorph. This phase may be the most abundant mineral in the D00 region. We find that the post-perovskite phase has similar bulk modulus and larger shear modulus than perovskite at relevant pressures...