Long-term studies of vegetation recovery following post-mining restoration in low-productivity, high-stress areas are limited, but essential for understanding underlying ecological processes and evaluating management practices. This study's goal was to describe temporal patterns (up 37 years) structure, floristic diversity, composition at two sites, identify potential drivers outcomes, the nutr...

Shrub encroachment into grass-dominated biomes is occurring globally due to a variety of anthropogenic activities, but the consequences for carbon (C) inputs, storage and cycling remain unclear. We studied eight North American graminoid-dominated ecosystems invaded by shrubs, from arctic tundra to Atlantic coastal dunes, to quantify patterns and controls of C inputs via aboveground net primary ...

Distribution Endemic to the six largest Ha-waiian islands. Size Greatly variable, typically reaches 20–24 m (66–79 ft) in height; may be much smaller on lava rock or boggy soils. Habitat Wide range, 1–2500 m (1–8200 ft) elevation with rainfall of 400–10,000 mm (16–400 in). Largest component of lowland and mon-tane wet and mesic forests, dry forests, subal-pine shrublands, and new lava flows. Ve...