Background. A Kampo medicine, Shahakusan (SHS), has been prescribed in late phase of infection that causes inflammations in the lung. But effect of SHS on viral infection in respiratory tract has never been reported. Objectives. To evaluate anti-influenza virus activity of SHS and its mode of actions through immune systems. Methods. SHS (0.3 g/kg/day) was orally administered to BALB/c miceforup...

BACKGROUND Secondhand smoke (SHS) consists of fine particulate matter, carcinogens, and various toxins that affect large parts of the population. SHS increases the risk for acute cardiovascular events and may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVES We investigated the association of SHS with coronary artery calcification (CAC). METHODS In this cross-sectional analysis, ...

OBJECTIVES Smoke-free legislation was implemented in Guangzhou on 1 September 2010. However, the smoke-free policy did not cover all indoor areas and smoking rooms can be set in some public places. This study aimed to assess changes in self-reported second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure in different types of venues and in homes, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of smoke-free legislation. MET...

INTRODUCTION The home can represent a significant source of secondhand smoke (SHS), especially for individuals who live in close proximity to one another in multiunit housing (MUH). The objective of this study was to quantify real-time SHS transfer between smoke-permitted and smoke-free living units within the same MUH structure. METHODS Air monitors were used to assess PM₂.₅, an environmenta...

OBJECTIVE This study determined if secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is related to asthma-related functional morbidity by examining racial/ethnic differences in non-Latino White (NLW), African American, and Latino families and whether racial/ethnic SHS exposure differences across families persist when accounting for smoking factors. METHODS Participants were 305 caregiver smokers of children wi...

global estimate of ShS Burden Call it what you will—passive smoking, environmental tobacco smoke, or secondhand smoke (SHS)—worldwide, exposure to the emissions from smokers’ cigarettes caused the premature death of an estimated 603,000 people in 2004, according to a team of academic and World Health Organization (WHO) researchers. This first global assessment of the burden of SHS was led by Ma...

OBJECTIVES Exposure of adults to secondhand smoke (SHS) has immediate adverse effects on the cardiovascular system and causes coronary heart disease. The current study evaluated brief self-report screening measures for accurately identifying adult cardiology patients with clinically significant levels of SHS exposure in need of intervention. DESIGN AND SETTING A cross-sectional study conducte...

BACKGROUND Smokefree legislation may protect children from secondhand smoke (SHS) in the home from smoking parent(s). We examined the effect of the 2007 smokefree legislation on children's exposure to SHS in the home and maternal action to protect children from SHS exposure in Hong Kong. METHODS Families with a smoking father and a non-smoking mother were recruited from public clinics before ...

BACKGROUND Increased knowledge of the harmful effects of SHS is an evidence-based key indicator for eliminating nonsmokers' exposure to SHS. This study assessed the prevalence and predictors of perceptions about the harm of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among U.S. middle and high school students. FINDINGS Data were obtained from the 2012 National Youth Tobacco Survey, a nationally represent...

BACKGROUND Because they have chronic airway inflammation, adults with asthma could have symptomatic exacerbation after exposure to second hand smoke (SHS). Surprisingly, data on the effects of SHS exposure in adults with asthma are quite limited. Most previous epidemiological studies used self-reported SHS exposure which could be biased by inaccurate reporting. In a prospective cohort study of ...