OBJECTIVES To characterize and subtype multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates by determining the virulence factors, prophage sequences and antimicrobial resistance genes using a novel Salmonella-specific oligonucleotide microarray. METHODS Preliminary screening of 24 Salmonella clinical isolates was carried out by using susceptibility testing, plasmid profiling and class 1 integron PCR. Subs...

Acinetobacter baumannii strains resistant to all beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones have emerged in many medical centers. Potential mechanisms contributing to antimicrobial resistance were investigated in 40 clinical isolates endemic to New York City. The isolates were examined for the presence of various beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, and mutations in gyrA ...

The extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria have been isolated at increasing frequency worldwide. Expression of ESBL is often associated with multidrug resistance and dissemination by resistance plasmids. During a two-month period in 2000, 133 clinical isolates of enterobacterial strains were randomly collected from outpatients and inpatients at a university hospital in Turkey. ...

BACKGROUND Escherichia coli is an important bacterial species based on incidence and associated infection severity. Some E. coli strains produce extended-spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) and are called ESBL-producing E. coli. These strains are resistant to most classes of cephalosporin and a number of other classes of antibiotics. Plasmids carrying qnr genes have been found to transmit quinolone ...

1.2. Morphisms between locales. We introduced the above ideas using a map of simplicial sets f : X → Y , but in actuality the definitions of F∗ and F∗ work whenever F is a open morphism of locales, as we shall soon see. To get to that point, however, it is best to start all over, by taking X and Y to be arbitrary locales and considering an arbitrary adjunction f∗ : Y //X : f∗ oo as a morphism F...

The prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing strains was demonstrated in 5 of 44 (11.4%) Escherichia coli, 17 of 43 (39.5%) Klebsiella pneumoniae, 3 of 50 (6.0%) Enterobacter cloacae, and 2 of 25 (8.0%) Citrobacter freundii strains at a teaching hospital in China. Nineteen of these 27 strains expressed CTX-M-3 beta-lactamase (pI 8.6). A subset of the clinical isolates expressing...

Super Hi-Vision’ (SHV) is promising as a future form of television. It is an ultra-high definition TV system that has 16 times the number of pixels of HDTV and employs a 22.2 multichannel sound system. It offers superior presence and gives the impression of reality. The information bitrates of the current prototypes range from 24 to 72 Gbit/s, and a fiber optic transmission system is needed to ...