Combined ATR-FTIR (attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy and tape-stripping experiments in vitro on porcine ear skin were used to investigate the spatial distribution of different surfactants in the stratum corneum (SC). To reveal a possible connection between the size of the formed micelles and skin penetration, dynamic light-scattering measurements of the aqueou...

This review presents an overview about pharmaceutical and cosmetic topical products containing polymeric nanoparticles (nanospheres and nanocapsules), reporting the main preparation and characterization methods and the studies of penetration and transport of substances through the skin. The penetration and transport extent of those systems through the skin depends on the ingredients chemical co...

results the simulation results showed that the penetration depth and temperature rise of 980 nm wavelengths were different from those of 1064 nm wavelength. it appeared that 1064 nm wavelength penetrated to deeper layers of tissue compared with 980 nm. moreover, temperature rise during 1064 nm irradiation led to temperature increase in allowable ranges. the findings proved the reason why 1064 n...

The development of a simple, easy-to-use, and noninvasive vaccination system is in high demand. For transcutaneous immunization (TCI), we previously reported that a hydrogel patch was an effective TCI device that accelerates antigen penetration through the stratum corneum in mouse and rat models. The present study was performed to characterize the transcutaneous protein delivery induced by the ...

The antioxidant gallic acid (GA) has been incorporated into cotton (CO) and polyamide (PA) through two different vehicles, that is, liposomes and mixed micelles, and their respective absorption/desorption processes have been studied. Moreover, in vitro percutaneous absorption tests of different cosmetotextiles have been performed to demonstrate antioxidant penetration within the layers of the s...

BACKGROUND Water-filtered infrared-A (wIRA) irradiation has been shown to enhance penetration of clinically used topically applied substances in humans through investigation of functional effects of penetrated substances like vasoconstriction by cortisone. AIM OF THE STUDY Investigation of the influence of wIRA irradiation on the dermatopharmacokinetics of topically applied substances by use ...

An experimental study has been conducted on the penetration of silicone rubbers and human skin in vivo by sharp-tipped and flat-bottomed cylindrical punches. A penetrometer was developed to measure the penetration of human skin in vivo, while a conventional screw-driven testing machine was used to penetrate the silicone rubbers. The experiments reveal that the penetration mechanism of a soft so...

The potential health risk from exposure to chemically contaminated soil can be assessed from bioavailability studies. The aims of this research were: (a) to determine the dermal bioavailability of contaminants in soil for representatives of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon class of chemicals, namely, benzo(a)pyrene and naphthalene, and (b) to examine the relative contribution of soil matrix ...

This promise, however, is not fully realised because, for many molecules, the skin constitutes a significant barrier. A variety of approaches have been proposed to reversibly breach this barrier, the most significant are the ‘passive’ approach involving the use of chemical penetration enhancers, and the more recent active approaches such as iontophoresis (use of a electrical potential to enhanc...

Quantification of drugs within the skin is essential for topical and transdermal delivery research. Over the last two decades, horizontal sectioning, consisting of tape stripping throughout the stratum corneum, has become one of the traditional investigative techniques. Tape stripping of human stratum corneum is widely used as a method for studying the kinetics and penetration depth of drugs. T...