Much excitement has recently been generated by the discovery of the Smad genes, encoding proteins that transduce signals from the transforming growth factor beta family of cytokines. Here, we report the completion of cloning of the six known human Smads, providing novel sequences for Smad5 and Smad6. Previously, Smad4 and Smad2 were shown to be mutated in human cancers. However, analysis of the...

Differential regulation of gonadotropin hormone production in the pituitary is critical for fertility. Activin and progesterone signaling in gonadotrope cells is important for Fshb gene expression. Previously, we reported that synergy between activin and progestins required the binding of SMAD proteins and the progesterone receptor (PR) to the murine Fshb promoter. In this study, we demonstrate...

The homeodomain protein TG-interacting factor (TGIF) represses transcription by histone deacetylase-dependent and -independent means. Heterozygous mutations in human TGIF result in holoprosencephaly, a severe genetic disorder affecting craniofacial development, suggesting that TGIF is critical for normal development. After transforming growth factorbeta (TGFbeta) stimulation, Smad proteins ente...

Abstract Background and Aims The transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a pleiotropic cytokine, with distinct roles both in fibrosis inflammation acts through the Smad signalling renal injury. We sought expression of TGF-β1/Smad ANCA associated glomerulonephritis (AAGN) we assessed this correlation injury at diagnosis as well progression. Method evaluated immunohistochemical TGF-β1, phosphor...

Galangin can suppress hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell proliferation. In this study, we demonstrated that galangin induced autophagy by activating the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β receptor/Smad pathway and increased TGF-β receptor I (RI), TGF-βRII, Smad1, Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4 levels but decreased Smad6 and Smad7 levels. Autophagy induced by galangin appears to depend on the TGF-β rec...

Safety verification of real-time embedded systems is a complex and hot issue. This paper proposes a SysML/MARTE activity diagram (SMAD), which is extended from SysML activity diagram (SAD) with non-functional MARTE semantics, for the describing of the real-time embedded systems behaviors. To carry out the safety verification, we transform the SMAD into timed automata. The processes of the model...

Abstract Introduction High-grade primary brain tumors cause serious morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to investigate the role of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) suppressor mothers against decapentaplegic (Smad) receptors in high-grade tumors. Material Method Thirteen patients with a pathological diagnosis glioblastoma multiforme were included study. Pathological preparations eac...

In this paper, we report development of a generalized simulation system based on ordinary differential equations for multi-cellular organisms, and results of the analysis on a Smad signal transduction cascade. The simulator implements intra-cellular and extra-cellular molecular processes, such as protein diffusion, ligand-receptor reaction, biochemical reaction, and gene expression. It simulate...

The aim of the present study was to examine the regulatory mechanism underlying the depression in Ski‑related novel protein N (SnoN) in diabetic nephrology (DN). NRK‑52E cells, a rat primary renal tubular epithelial cell line, were cultured to clarify the effect of small mothers against decapentaplegic (Smad) ubiquitination regulatory factor 2 (smurf2) on SnoN in a low glucose environment in vi...

We investigated the synergistic effect of bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-b in the transformation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts. We evaluated the effect of BMP9 and TGF-b on the induction of osteoblast formation. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway-related proteins such as p38, extracellular receptor kinase 1/2, and c-Jun N-termi...