Achieving carbon neutrality in agricultural production is a common challenge faced by development around the world. If China’s agriculture sector intends to achieve “dual carbon” goal, focus should be on emission of smallholder farmers and their organized production. This study discusses impact structure emission, interaction mechanism. To describe causal relationship mechanism, structural degr...

Economists and policy makers are interested in producers’ responses to policies order achieve some national or sectoral objectives, e.g., growth, employment, food security. The way producers respond depends on their production function. If do not have homogenous function, will be heterogeneous. We use the underlying functional relationship derive groupings. paper employs finite regression mixtu...

Abstract This chapter relates small-scale landowning to the lived nation by exploring what it meant become a landowner. Pirjo Markkola and Ann-Catrin Östman study how smallholders in peripheral areas encountered civil-society organizations promoting modernization 1920s. Focusing mainly on work of Ruth Foundation, this shows made use opportunities keep maintain their farms kind emotions, ambitio...