“Clean Heating” (CH) was promoted in 2017 north China. Nevertheless, CH impacts on PM2.5 chemical components, sources, and health risks small cities remain unclear. A field measurement taken at an urban site within the central Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region covering pre-heating season (PHS) heating (HS) winter of 2019. concentrations (in µg m–3) increased from 69.1 PHS to 129 HS, reflecting...