In order to investigate changes in substrate chemical and physical features after pretreatment, several characterizations were performed on untreated (UT) corn stover and poplar and their solids resulting pretreatments by ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX), ammonia recycled percolation (ARP), controlled pH, dilute acid, flowthrough, lime, and SO(2) technologies. In addition to measuring the chemica...

A major challenge to economically produce ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass is to achieve industrially relevant ethanol titers (>50 g L) to control operating and capital costs for downstream ethanol operations while maintaining high ethanol yields. However, due to reduced fermentation effectiveness at high biomass solids loadings, excessive amounts of enzymes are typically required to obtain...

To distinguish between order and disorder is of fundamental importance to understanding solids. It becomes more significant with recent observations that solids with high structural order can behave like disordered solids, while properties of disordered solids can approach crystals under certain circumstance. It is then imperative to understand when and how disorder takes effect to deviate the ...

When two solids at different temperatures are separated by a vacuum gap they relax toward their equilibrium state exchanging heat either radiation or phonon electron tunneling, depending on separation distance and the nature of materials. The interplay between this exchange energy its spreading through each solid entirely drives relaxation dynamics. Here we highlight significant slowing-down pr...

First posted April 14, 2023 For additional information, contact: Director, Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science CenterU.S. Geological Survey6460 Busch Blvd, Suite 100Columbus, OH 43229Contact Pubs Warehouse The U.S. Survey and Nature Conservancy previously collaborated to evaluate changes trends in the concentrations flux of nutrients (total phosphorus, as phosphorus; nitrate plus nitrite, nitro...

High-solids centrifugation can reduce the cost of managing or disposing of anaerobically digested biosolids. High-solids centrifuges can increase relative cake solids by as much as 5% DS compared with other dewatering devices, such as belt filter presses, with a resulting 15-20% reduction in overall mass of hauled biosolids. Cost reductions can be similar (15-20%) or more, depending on the type...

Stickiness of powder particles is often responsible for their impaired flow characteristics. Stickiness resulted from glass transition showing a relationship with mechanical -relaxations, and stickiness occurred differently in dairy solids modified in their lactose and protein contents. Glass transition, -relaxation and stickiness properties of milk solids systems were related to their solids c...

Agarose beads containing immobilized enzymes or affinity ligands have been made magnetically responsive by adsorbing freshly precipitated magnetite on their surface. These beads are used for affinity adsorption of proteins from complex mixtures containing suspended solids. The magnetically responsive beads and the unwanted (diamagnetic) solids are then separated by magnetic filtration. This mag...

It has been demonstrated that simultaneous exposure of Daphnia magna to suspended solids and a carbamate pesticide potentiates the toxic response to the pesticide. The toxicodynamics between these stressors were investigated to determine possible mechanisms of interaction. Three experimental series were conducted with D. magna to determine: the effect of food availability on carbofuran toxicity...

We present the results of an extensive numerical study of the orbital evolution of small solids, ranging from dust grains to km-sized objects, in the vicinity of a local density enhancement in a non-uniform solar nebula. In a previous study we have shown that when the motions of such solids are restricted to the midplane of the nebula, the combined effect of gas drag and pressure gradients caus...