Injury to the perineum, whether from episiotomy or spontaneous laceration, may result in loss of vaginal or rectal tone and/or anal incontinence. External anal sphincter defects can be identifi ed by endoanal ultrasound in 20% to 53% of women after normal vaginal delivery, a possible risk factor for anal incontinence that will be subsequently reported in 4% to 50% of cases. Flatal incontinence ...

Endoscopic manometry was used to measure pancreatic duct, common bile duct, pancreatic duct sphincter and bile duct sphincter pressures in 43 healthy volunteers and 162 patients with a variety of papillary, pancreatic and biliary disorders. Common bile duct pressure was significantly raised after cholecystectomy, with common bile duct stones and papillary stenosis but pancreatic duct pressure o...

Permanent fecal abdominal stomas significantly decrease quality of life. Previous attempts to create continent stomas by using dynamic myoplasty procedures have resulted in disappointing outcomes, primarily owing to denervation atrophy of the muscle flap that was used in the creation of the sphincter and because of muscle fatigue resulting from continuous electrical stimulation that is received...

OBJECTIVE To assess the association of oxytocin augmentation with obstetric anal sphincter injury among nulliparous women. DESIGN Population-based, case-control study. SETTING Primary and secondary teaching hospital serving a Norwegian region. POPULATION 15 476 nulliparous women with spontaneous start of labour, single cephalic presentation and gestation ≥37 weeks delivering vaginally bet...

Avoiding obstetrical injury to the anal sphincter is the single biggest factor in preventing anal incontinence among women. Any form of instrument delivery has consistently been noted to increase the risk of obstetric anal sphincter injury and altered fecal continence by between 2- and 7-fold. Routine episiotomy is not recommended. Episiotomy use should be restricted to situations where it dire...

study showed a significant reduction in lower oesophageal sphincter pressure after intramuscular administration of emepronium bromide. In the nine patients who completed the study no significant change in sphincter pressure was found after four weeks' treatment with a standard oral dose of emepronium bromide. This may have been due to the much lower serum concentrations seen after oral medicati...

Background: This study reviewed the impact of pre-operative chemoradiotherapy or post-operative chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy on total mesorectal excision (TME) for ultralow rectal cancers that required either low anterior resection with peranal coloanal anastomosis or abdomino-perineal resection (APR). We examined surgical complications, local recurrence and survival. Methods: Of the 1270 p...

BACKGROUND Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction has been implicated as a cause of various forms of acute pancreatitis. However, there is no direct evidence to show that sphincter of Oddi dysfunction can cause obstruction of trans-sphincteric flow resulting in acute pancreatitis. AIMS To determine if induced sphincter of Oddi spasm can produce trans-sphincteric obstruction and, in combination with st...