We previously described a class of neurons, located in and around the interstitial nucleus of Cajal of the cat, that discharged during vestibular stimulation and before saccades. We called these neurons vestibular saccade neurons (VSNs). In the present study, we characterized similar neurons in the monkey. These neurons discharged before vertical saccades and during vertical vestibular stimulat...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although the apical development of wheat has been widely described, studies analysing how genetic breeding over the 20th century influenced the developmental phases and its consequences on yield generation are lacking, especially for durum wheat under field conditions in Mediterranean environments. The aims of this study were to analyse the effects of breeding in Spain and I...

Since many of the quantitative plant characters of economic values are highly influenced by environmental condition, the progress in breeding in such a population is primarily conditioned by the magnitude, nature and inter-relations of genotypic and non-genotypic variations in plant characters. Therefore we estimated phenotypic, genotypic and environmental correlation coefficients and path coef...

to estimate the optimum and effective amount of nitrogen fertilizer for quantity and quality improvement of three new durum wheat lines, this research was conducted in gachsaran dry-land agricultural research station for a duration of 4 years (2003-2007). the study was performed as a factorial expriment, using a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. two factors of: 4 nitrogen ra...

1. Oxygen consumption, thoracic temperature, and action potentials from the fibrillar muscles were concurrently recorded in queens and workers of Bombus vosnesenstni. 2. The oxygen consumption of 'inactive' bees (quiescent and/or producing fewer than 0-3 spikes/sec) was markedly temperature-sensitive, with a Qlo of 3-4 for thoracic temperatures of 25-35 °C3. The oxygen consumption of bees with ...

Information theoretic techniques are often used to investigate neural coding. Results — in terms of bits per second or bits per spike — have been used as evidence to support temporal or rate coding, spike timing precision, etc. Despite its use this way, information theory does not tell one what the neural code (or any code) is. In artificial systems, codes are often purposefully made sub-optima...

introduction: biofertilizers have been identified as alternative to chemical fertilizers to increase soil fertility and crop production in sustainable farming systems. one of the most useful kind of biofertilizers include plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr). azospirillum is an associative rhizobacteria which can be very useful for plants such as wheat. it can help plant by fixing nitrog...