This study is the first to measure the quantity of pygidial gland secretions released defensively by carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and to accurately measure the relative quantity of formic acid contained in their pygidial gland reservoirs and spray emissions. Individuals of three typical formic acid producing species were induced to repeatedly spray, ultimately exhausting their chemic...

Citation: Haggag YA and Faheem AM (2015) Evaluation of nano spray drying as a method for drying and formulation of therapeutic peptides and proteins. The high sensitivity of peptides and proteins to physicochemical stresses during processing and storage is the major hurdle against its pharmaceutical applications. Peptide-based drug formulations are commonly prepared as solid dosage forms becaus...

Bay laurel is an evergreen, commercially grown and expensive ornamental pot plant, which is susceptible to different pests like aphids, scale and lerp insects, thrips, caterpillars of codling moth and sooty moulds. Recently, caterpillars of the Mediterranean carnation leafroller (Cacoecimorpha pronubana) cause more and more problems. These pests can lead to important financial losses for the gr...

Background: Azelastine hydrochloride is an H1-receptor antagonist with antiinflammatory properties that is available in the US as Astelin Nasal Spray for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. The symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis can initially be treated with monotherapy using either an antihistamine or an intranasal corticosteroid. Patients whose symptoms do not respond adequately ...

Detrimental effects to quantitative interpretation of Mie and laser-induced fluorescence images of hollow-cone sprays were investigated. The attenuation of the laser beam leads to locally unknown intensities rendering it impossible to obtain high-fidelity images of these sprays. Two strategies that use bidirectional illumination of the spray are discussed and evaluated. Conditions for which a b...

Spray drift is the movement of a pesticide through the air, during or after application, to a site other than the intended target. Drift is considered to be the most challenging problem facing applicators and pesticide manufacturers. Although drift may occur as vaporized active pesticide from the application site, it is usually the physical movement of very small drops from the target area at t...

summer pruning and calcium spray could improve kiwifruits quality. in this study, effect of summer pruning in two times, 2 and 15 days after petal fall alone or in combination with %1 calcium chloride spray on fruit quality and mineral elements contents of ‘hayward’ kiwifruit was investigated. calcium sprayed four times 90 days after petal fall with 15 days intervals. the results showed that su...

The influence of heating at a temperature of 50 °C and UV-irradiation of propolis drops and spray on their free radical scavenging activity was determined. The kinetics of interactions of the propolis samples with DPPH free radicals was analyzed. Interactions of propolis drops and propolis spray with free radicals were examined by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. A spectrometer gen...

A computational analysis of flow in simplex fuel atomizers using the arbitrary-Lagrangian–Eulerian method is presented. It is well established that the geometry of an atomizer plays an important role in governing its performance. We have investigated the effect on atomizer performance of four geometric parameters, namely, inlet slot angle, spin chamber convergence angle, trumpet angle, and trum...

Evaporative cooling by water spray is increasingly used as an efficient and environmentally-friendly approach to enhance thermal comfort in built environments. The complex two-phase flow in a water spray system is influenced by many factors such as continuous phase velocity, temperature and relative humidity patterns, droplet characteristics and continuous phase-droplet and droplet-droplet inte...