Figure 1. Spray gun used in electron microscopy. A. Assembled spray gun. B. Outer envelope. C. Insert tube. The component parts have the following specifications: 1. Nozzle head X inch threads, 0.030 inch aperture. 2. "O" ring, Y8 inch outside diameter (o.d.) and Y inch inside diameter (i.d.). S. X8 inch threads, tapered end. 4. Brass tubing %6 inch o.d.; 0.035 inch wall. .946 inch threads, mov...

Whether spray or immersion fixation results in higher adequacy rates for thyroid fine-needle aspiration is not known. I compared 1-year adequacy rates, number of cells, and atypia rates for immersion fixation with split spray fixation and immersion. Adequacy rates increased from 71.9% (289/402) for complete immersion to 78.1% (332/425) with spray fixation of half of the slides (P = .02). The sp...

Spray drying is a commonly used method of drying a liquid feed through a hot gas. This study aims to obtain the empirical model of the spray drying process of full cream milk using a nozzle atomizer spray dryer, Lab-Plant SD 05 Laboratory Scale Spray Dryer. Inlet air temperature was chosen as the manipulated variable and outlet air temperature was the controlled variable. No disturbance was con...

Pesticides are widely used in agriculture for the management of pests (weeds, insects or pathogens). They are generally applied as a spray to cover the target (e.g. an insect, leaf surfaces or part of a plant) with pesticide-laden droplets. Spray may, however, be lost to nontarget areas within a crop through deposition on to the soil or on non-target plant surfaces. The plant architecture of th...

Tungsten oxide (WO₃) is prepared by a low-temperature ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method in air atmosphere, and it is used as an anode buffer layer (ABL) for organic solar cells (OSCs). The properties of the WO₃ transition metal oxide material as well as the mechanism of ultrasonic spray pyrolysis processes are investigated. The results show that the ultrasonic spray pyrolysized WO₃ ABL exhibits...

The cold spray process is governed by the impact of high velocity feedstock particles onto a substrate without melting. Hence, bulk material properties are retained. However, it challenging to achieve good adhesion strength. strength depends on factors such as parameters, conditions, coating/substrate interactions at interface and properties. This review examines fundamental studies concerning ...

A curvilinear thin film model is used to simulate the motion of droplets on a virtual leaf surface, with a view to better understand the retention of agricultural sprays on plants. The governing model, adapted from Roy et al. (2002 J. Fluid Mech. 454, 235-261 (doi:10.1017/S0022112001007133)) with the addition of a disjoining pressure term, describes the gravity- and curvature-driven flow of a s...

Ultrasonic sensors are often used to adjust spray volume by allowing the calculation of the crown volume of tree crops. The special conditions of the olive tree require the use of long-range sensors, which are less accurate and faster than the most commonly used sensors. The main objectives of the study were to determine the suitability of the sensor in terms of sound cone determination, angle ...

A cost reduced method of producing injection molding tools is reported and demonstrated for the fabrication of optical microlens arrays. A standard computer-numerical-control (CNC) milling machine was used to make a rough mold in steel. Surface treatment of the steel mold by spray coating with photoresist is used to smooth the mold surface providing good optical quality. The tool and process ar...

In this study, a two-fluid nozzle, as, e.g., used in fluidized-bed or spray drying applications, is comprehensively characterized regarding the pattern and droplet size. To analyze cone, cone angle radial mass distribution of nozzle were measured at varied liquid flow rate, air pressure, insert bore diameter, cap position. Additionally, size distributions recorded different settings. general, o...