A recent study in South Africa has confirmed, for the first time, that a vaginal gel formulation of the antiretroviral drug Tenofovir, when topically applied, significantly inhibits sexual HIV transmission to women [Karim et al., Science 329, 1168 (2010)]. However, the gel for this drug and anti-HIV microbicide gels in general have not been designed using an understanding of how gel spreading a...

Abstract We consider quantum chaos diagnostics of the variational circuit states at random parameters and explore their connection to expressibility optimizability. By measuring operator spreading coefficient eigenvalue spectrum modular Hamiltonian reduced density matrix, we identify emergence universal matrix ensembles in high-depth states. The that use spectrum, e.g. entanglement entropy, tur...

Identifying influential nodes in very large-scale directed networks is a big challenge relevant to disparate applications, such as accelerating information propagation, controlling rumors and diseases, designing search engines, and understanding hierarchical organization of social and biological networks. Known methods range from node centralities, such as degree, closeness and betweenness, to ...

How growth, mortality, and dispersal in a species affect the species' spread and persistence constitutes a central problem in spatial ecology. We propose impulsive reaction-diffusion equation models for species with distinct reproductive and dispersal stages. These models can describe a seasonal birth pulse plus nonlinear mortality and dispersal throughout the year. Alternatively, they can desc...

The addition of polymers is known to fundamentally affect capillary singularities such as drop pinch-off. In this study, we wonder how polymeric drops spread onto a solid. Although the dynamics liquid bridge connecting solid similar that pure water, find interface gets significantly sharper, which quantified by measuring curvature bridge. These findings are reminiscent what found for coalescenc...

Attachment of many cell types to extracellular matrix proteins triggers cell spreading, a process that strengthens cell adhesion and is a prerequisite for many adhesion-dependent processes including cell migration, survival, and proliferation. Cell spreading requires integrins with intact beta cytoplasmic domains, presumably to connect integrins with the actin cytoskeleton and to activate signa...