Background & objectives: Environmental standards are quantitative criteria for protecting the environment from pollution and degradation. One of the solutions to improve air quality status is to use reasonable limits to prevent excessive release of airborne contaminants from their various sources. On the other hand, these standards are effective in evaluating air pollution reduction strategies....

The key …nding is that Standard Setting Organizations (SSOs) choose e¢ cient technology standards because voting power and market power have counterbalancing e¤ects. Agents on the long side of the market have less added value in the marketplace but more voting power in cooperative organizations and conversely for the short side of the market. In a two-stage model, industry members choose techno...

The process of determining the minimum pass level to separate the competent students from those who do not perform well enough is called standard setting. A large number of methods are widely used to set cut-scores for both written and clinical examinations. There are some challenging issues pertaining to any standard setting procedure. Ignoring these concerns would result in a large dispute re...

Firms faced with the decision of whether to standardize or not prior to introducing a new network technology face a tradeoff: Compatibility improves the technology’s chances of consumer acceptance, but it also means having to share the resulting profits with other sponsors of the standard. In this paper, we show that even prior to market introduction of a new technology, the timing of decisions...

The paper investigates the emergence and development, since the Second World War, of a transnational field of governance for accounting and financial reporting. Recent decades have seen a proliferation of activities and initiatives to make financial reporting standards comparable across national borders. This process of transnational or international standards setting is shown to be a highly po...

Standard setting of assessment questions has matured as a psychometric practice since the 1980s1 and is now a common practice in Medical Education.2 This is done to ensure that a fair, defensible cutoff score or pass mark is reached for each assessment paper.3 Standard setting is thus a policy decision as standards are not a natural phenomenon waiting to be discovered,4 neither does the process...

The adoption rate of building energy standards in the US has been increasing since the mid1990s as a result of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct). However, most of the evidence on the energy savings that accrue from commercial building energy standards is based on engineering simulations, which do not account for realized behavior once a standard is actually adopted. This paper uses plausibl...

Simulation-based educational activities are happening in the clinical environment but are not all uniform in terms of their objectives, delivery, or outputs. While these activities all provide an opportunity for individual and team training, nuances in the location, timing, notification, and participants impact the potential outcomes of these sessions and objectives achieved. In light of this, ...

Last year saw the publication of IS0 31000:2009, a new globally accepted standard for risk management together with a new, associated vocabulary in ISO Guide 73:2009. These were developed through a consensus-driven process over four years, through seven drafts, and involving the input of hundreds of risk management professionals around the world. The new standard supports a new, simple way of t...