Many local scale studies have shown that bats respond to water quality degradation or urbanization in a species-specific manner. However, few have separated the effects of urbanization versus water quality degradation on bats, in single city or single watershed case studies. Across North Carolina, USA, we used the standardized North American Bat Monitoring Program mobile transect protocol to su...

Urbanization drastically alters natural ecosystems and the structure of their plant and animal communities. Whereas some species cope successfully with these environmental changes, others may go extinct. In the case of parasite communities, the expansion of urban areas has a critical effect by changing the availability of suitable substrates for the eggs or free-larval stages of those species w...

a r t i c l e i n f o This paper examines the impacts of industrialization and urbanization on CO 2 emissions in China using nonparametric additive regression models and provincial panel data from 1990 to 2011. The empirical results show that there is an inverted U-shaped nonlinear relationship between industrialization and CO 2 emissions in the three regions in China. Urbanization follows an i...

This chapter considers the literature on urbanization and migration to cities from rural areas in developing and middle-income countries. The chapter assesses recent patterns, discusses traditional models, addresses more recent models of migration, presents some of the recent findings from the micro-econometric literature, and closes with a discussion of the role of cities in economic growth. C...

World agriculture will undergo far-reaching economic and physical change in the coming 50 years. Population increase, urbanization and income growth will drive the demand for food while high energy prices, stress on natural resources, and climate change may act to constrain supply. To feed the world’s growing population – projected to exceed 9 billion in 2050 (UN, 2009) – it will be necessary t...

The estimation and projection of the urban population is based on observed changes in the proportion of the population living in urban areas. Therefore, the quality of the estimates and projections made is highly dependent on the quality of the basic information permitting the calculation of the proportion urban. Such information consists normally of complete counts of both the total population...