Stueckelberg-Horwitz-Piron (SHP) electrodynamics formalizes the distinction between coordinate time (measured by laboratory clocks) and chronology (temporal ordering) by defining 4D spacetime events xμ as functions of an external evolution parameter τ. Classical spacetime events xμ(τ) evolve as τ grows monotonically, tracing out particle worldlines dynamically and inducing the five U(1) gauge p...

Abstract Second language (L2) anxiety is the most studied affective factor in field of second acquisition. Numerous studies have been conducted on this emotion from different perspectives over last few decades. These can be classified into three groups. The first group has tried to conceptualize and operationalize L2 identify components or dimensions construct (e.g., Cheng, 2004; Horwitz et al....


 The current study was motivated by recent interest in the effect of positive and negative emotions context foreign language learning resulting from rise psychology movement (Dewaele & MacIntyre, 2016; MacIntyre Mercer, 2014). It examines construct enjoyment (FLE) its relationship with classroom anxiety (FLCA) among a group 487 English as (EFL) students (340 females, 147 males) enroll...

The aimed of this research was to find out the effect Round Robin Brainstorming in solving students’ speaking anxiety. writer compared level anxiety and ability before after being taught by Brainstorming. researcher took one class as sample that consist 30 students from X Multimedia 2 SMK Muhammadiyah Pagaralam. data collected using two instruments. first is a test measure students' ability, ...

Preconcentration of Cd in water has been carried out using Dowex 50WX2-200 resin as a solid phase extractor. The extraction process was with sonicator. Elution which adsorbed by the released again 1M HNO3, then measured Flame-Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. In this study, effects pH, sample solutian sonication time, elution time and eluent volume were studied. results optimization preconce...

In the past few decades, clinical research on brain disorders has become enriched by the addition of a number of new tools for characterizing and assessing brain function. Before the 1960s, clinical examination, behavioral observation (including batteries of neuropsychological tests), and electroencephalography (EEG) were the primary research tools. Since then, new additions to the repertoire h...

The present study focuses on the anxiety level of undergraduates enrolled in private universities Nangarhar, Afghanistan. used a survey descriptive design for data collection from sample two hundred students four selected through non-random convenient sampling technique. was collected Likert Scale adapted Horwitz & Cope (1986). analyzed SPSS, while difference between groups t-test. found th...