• Surface Canopy Water (SCW) affects radar backscatter, cross ratio and RVI. SCW the relations between L-band observables crop biophysical variables. has a confounding influence on VOD estimation. Overpass time daily patterns in affect retrieval of parameters. The presence surface water canopy backscatter. However, its relationship backscatter parameters not been investigated. aim this study wa...

irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizer are two important factors in increasing the yield and yield components of cotton. in order to evaluate effects of irrigation methods, various levels of water and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of cotton were studied at hashemabad cotton research station of gorgan in 2008. the experiment was conducted in split-split plots design with th...

Even after heat soaking, toughened glass is liable to a few apparently spontaneous failures, generally attributed to incomplete conversion of nickel sulphide inclusions. Another alternative is explored here: even with full conversion, inevitably some of these inclusions are too small to fail in the heat soak, but may cause failures at unexpectedly low loads in service. Taking this into account ...

Abstract In view of increasing threats arising from the shortage fresh water, there is an urgent need to propose sustainable technologies for exploitation unconventional water sources. As a derivative microbial fuel cells (MFCs), desalination cell (MDC) has potential desalinating saline/brackish while simultaneously generating electricity, as well treating wastewater. Therefore, it worth invest...

Water treatment with metallic iron (Fe) is still based on the premise that Fe is a reducing agent. An alternative concept stipulates that contaminants are removed by adsorption, co-precipitation and size-exclusion in a reactive filtration process. This article underlines the universal validity of the alternative concept. It is shown that admixing non-expansive material to Fe as a pre-requisite ...

BACKGROUND: Alternative furrow irrigation method is an effective procedure to reduce the amount of irrigation water in arid areas for economic production. OBJECTIVES: Assessment seed yield, its components and morphological characteristics of corn affected different level of irrigation regime and super absorbent polymer (SAP) under warm and dry climate con...

A fiber loop ringdown (FLRD) concrete crack sensor is described for the first time. A bare single mode fiber (SMF), without using other optical components or chemical coatings, etc., was utilized to construct the sensor head, which was driven by a FLRD sensor system. The performance of the sensor was evaluated on concrete bars with dimensions 20 cm × 5 cm × 5 cm, made in our laboratory. Cracks ...

When each voter rates or ranks several candidates for a single office, a strong Condorcet winner (SCW) is one who beats all others in two-way races. Among 21 electoral systems examined, 18 will sometimes make candidate X the winner even if thousands of voters would need to change their votes to make X a SCW while another candidate Y could become a SCW with only one such change. Analysis support...