Upregulation of protein kinase B (PKB, also known as Akt) is observed within the cerebral arteries of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) animals. This study is of interest to examine Arctigenin, a potent antioxidant, on endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and Akt pathways in a SAH in vitro study. Basilar arteries (BAs) were obtained to examine phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), phospho-PI3K,...

Unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) are commonly acquired vascular lesions that form an outpouching of the arterial wall due to thinning. The prevalence UIAs in general population is 3.2%. In contrast, aneurysm may be manifested after rupture with classic presentation a thunderclap headache suggesting aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Previous consensus suggests although small (<7 ...

Introduction Advances in brain imaging have dramatically changed our understanding of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). In the pre-CT era, many small ICHs were misclassified as ischemic strokes and patients with massive ICH or subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) were often difficult to correctly classify. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of non-traumatic ICH in light of modern neuroimaging and inc...

Cerebral vasospasm is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). However, the mechanism and adequate treatment of vasospasm are still elusive. In the present study, we evaluate the effect and possible mechanism of progesterone on SAH-induced vasospasm in a two-hemorrhage rodent model of SAH. Progesterone (8 mg/kg) was subcutaneously ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hydrocephalus is an important complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We investigated the occurrence of acute hydrocephalus in a rat SAH model. METHODS SAH was induced by endovascular perforation in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=36). Sham rats (n=8) underwent the same procedure without perforation. MRI was performed 24 hours after SAH and the volume of the ve...

OBJECTIVE Relatively little attention has been paid to emotional outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This study assessed levels of anxiety and depression among SAH survivors and related these to clinical indices. METHODS Seventy SAH patients from a consecutive series of neurosurgical admissions participated in semistructured assessments of functional outcome; 52 of the patients also ...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In major SAH, the only method to diagnose a preceding minor leak is to ascertain the presence of a warning headache by interview; however, poor clinical condition and recall bias can cause inaccuracy. We devised a neuroradiologic method to diagnose previous minor leak in patients with SAH and attempted to determine whether warning (sentinel) headaches were associated with...

Objective The present study was performed to explore the therapeutic potential of simvastatin in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in the context of the Simvastatin in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (STASH) trial. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched for all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the therapeutic effect of simvastatin on aneurysmal SAH. We a...

“Acute Neurocardiogenic Injury After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage” To the Editor: In their stimulating article, Banki et al1 showed that the left ventricular dysfunction found in a third of the patients studied with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is associated with an abnormal sympathetic innervation and a release of cardiac enzymes despite a normal myocardial perfusion. Interestingly, the neurocardi...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Clinical trials for prevention of vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) seldom have improved overall outcome; one reason may be inadequate sample size. We used data from the tirilizad trials and the Columbia University subarachnoid hemorrhage outcomes project to estimate sample sizes for clinical trials for reduction of vasospasm after SAH, assuming tri...