The durations and temporal relationships of electromyographic activity from the submental complex, superior pharyngeal constrictor, cricopharyngeus, thyroarytenoid, and interarytenoid muscles were examined during swallowing of saliva and of 5- and 10-ml water boluses. Bipolar, hooked-wire electrodes were inserted into all muscles except for the submental complex, which was studied with bipolar ...

We have previously documented increased amplitude of motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) from the submental muscles during volitional swallowing following simultaneous odor and tastant stimulation. The MEP denotes neural excitability from the motor cortex to the target muscle(s). However, it is unknown if changes in the MEP transfer to the swallowing muscles to facilitate improved swallowing. Thus, ...

NEW DRUG APPROVALS Kybella for Submental Fat Deoxycholic acid (Kybella, Kythera Biopharmaceuticals Inc.) has received FDA approval to treat moderate-to-severe fat below the chin, called submental fat. The product is not approved or recommended to treat fat outside of the submental area. Kybella is identical to the deoxycholic acid produced in the body, which helps the body absorb fats. A cytoly...

Patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea polygraphically documented underwent electrical stimulation treatment trials. Submental and intraoral stimulations were applied during waking and during nocturnal sleep. The stimulation was applied using a custom-designed neuromuscular electrical stimulator (EdenTec Corp) providing symmetric biphasic constant voltage pulses. Pulse duration of each ph...

BACKGROUND The submental artery island flap is a recently described local flap that may be used for reconstruction of the lower and middle thirds of the face and oral cavity. The reverse-flow manner of the flap has been used in limited cases because of possible drawbacks such as venous congestion. We present our experience with the use of reverse-flow submental artery flap and describe the surg...

BAs: Bile acids DCA: deoxycholic acid FDA: Food and Drug Administration INTRODUCTION Bile acids (BAs) are endogenously produced cholesterol derivatives that are found predominantly in bile and play a key role in lipid digestion. The surfactant activity of BAs is responsible for fat emulsification and subsequent solubilization, a process that is requisite for intestinal lipid absorption. Deoxych...

The authors tested the hypothesis that certain maneuvers (neck flexion/extension and head protrusion/retrusion) alter the appearance of the submental area, jawline, and melolabial groove. They used a questionnaire survey of 20 naïve judges who assessed a standardized photograph album of three subjects. The subjects' faces (frontal and lateral views) were photographed in neutral, neck flexion/ex...

BACKGROUND Unwanted submental fat (SMF) may result in an unattractive chin profile and dissatisfaction with appearance. An approved and rigorously tested non-surgical method for SMF reduction is lacking. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ATX-101 for the pharmacological reduction of unwanted SMF in a phase III randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. METHODS Patient...