Macroconidiation in Neurospora crassa is influenced by a number of environmental cues, including the nutritional status of the growing organism. Conidia formation is normally observed when the fungus is exposed to air. However, carbon limitation can induce conidiation in mycclia submerged in an aerated liquid medium. A mutant was previously isolated that could conidiate in submerged culture wit...

A wild-type strain of Streptomyces griseus forms spores both on solid media (aerial spores) and in liquid culture (submerged spores). Both spore types are highly resistant to sonication, but only aerial spores are resistant to lysozyme digestion. Electron micrographs suggest that lysozyme sensitivity may result from the thinner walls of the submerged spores. Studies of the life cycle indicate t...

We investigated the anticancer effects of Antrodia cinnamomea, a medicinal mushroom from Taiwan, on A549 human lung cancer cells using the ethyl acetate extract from submerged culture filtrates. Our results showed that 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (coenzyme Q0; CoQ0) derived from A. cinnamomea submerged culture filtrates has anticancer activity. CoQ0 treatment reduced the viability o...

This paper describes the evolution in time and space of wigeongrass (Ruppia maritima) meadows in the Orbetello lagoon, in central Italy, where the control of the submerged vegetation, with a critical coexistence between macroalgae and macrophytes, is the key management problem. While macroalgae are liable to cause dystrophic crises, macrophytes oxygenate and stabilise the sediment and thus cont...

The metabolism of swimming in the platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus Shaw was studied by measurement of oxygen consumption in a recirculating water flume. Platypuses swam against a constant water current of 0.45-1.0 ms-1. Animals used a rowing stroke and alternated bouts of surface and submerged swimming. Metabolic rate remained constant over the range of swimming speeds tested. The cost of tran...

The submerged, floating, and emergent vascular flora of Lake East Okoboji, Dickenson County, Iowa, was surveyed by the senior author in the summer of 1961, with collections made at 21 stations. Emergent species and one hybrid, and 7 submerged or floating species were found. A comparison is made with a 1915 survey in which a very rich flora of about 18 emergents and 26 submerged or floating spec...

Ganoderma applanatum belongs to the group of white-rot fungi, due to a well-developed ligninolytic enzyme system. White-rot fungi have attracted great scientific attention in recent years, especially with respect to their enzymatic potential for the bioremediation of persistent pollutants. Contrary to G. lucidum, which medicinal properties, as well as ligninolytic enzyme system have been extens...

Semiaquatic frogs may not breathe air for several months because they overwinter in ice-covered ponds. In contrast to many vertebrates that experience decreased motor performance after inactivity, bullfrogs, Lithobates catesbeianus, retain functional respiratory motor processes following cold-submergence. Unlike mammalian hibernators with unloaded limb muscles and inactive locomotor systems, re...

In order for underwater vehicles to fully realize the potential of utilizing oscillating foils as propulsion mechanisms, it is necessary for the control scheme to be aware of the state of the water environment, especially the vorticity in the water. In this paper, we investigate the problem of estimating the hydrodynamic potentials based on pressure measurement on a submerged body. A relationsh...

Abstract Hyper-singular integral equations are often applied in the frequency-domain wave diffraction/radiation analyses of marine structures with thin plates or shell sub-structures. Their numerical solutions require higher-order derivatives free-surface Green function featuring hyper-singularity, and hence corresponding evaluation is very challenging. To circumvent associated difficulties, th...