This study seeks to advance a fine-grained understanding of the relationship between host-country institutions and foreign subsidiary survival by unbundling into contracting property rights as well engaging subsidiary-level heterogeneity. We argue that adverse effects weak are stronger for market-seeking subsidiaries. In contrast, we contend more detrimental resource-seeking Data from longitudi...

In this paper, we discuss the self-consistency condition for the spherical symmetric Klein-Gordon equation. And then discuss a natural possibility that gravity and weak coupling constant gG and GW may be defined after gEM . In this point of view, gravity and the weak force is subsidiary derived from electricity. Unified solution for each particle field is calculated. ∗) E-mail: nisikawa@hep-th....

This paper considers the incentive for non-price discrimination of a monopolist in an input market who also sells in an oligopoly downstream market through a subsidiary. Such a monopolist can raise the costs of the rivals to its subsidiary though discriminatory quality degradation. I find that the monopolist always, even when it is cost-disadvantaged, has the incentive to raise the costs of the...

When a financial institution relies heavily on debt finance, it may be tempted to engage in risk-shifting, deviating from efficient asset choice. We show that such risk-shifting incentives can be dampened by creating a two-subsidiary structure, where one subsidiary holds lower-risk assets and the other holds higher-risk assets; intuitively, this “insulates” lower-risk assets from higher-risk as...

We explore the effects of regional distance on the capabilities of multinational enterprise (MNE) subsidiaries, with an empirical application to a sample of 50 foreign subsidiaries operating in Canada. We conclude that subsidiaries of outsider MNEs face a liability of inter-regional foreignness as compared to insider MNE subsidiaries. However, such liability tends to diminish over time, though ...