The focus of this paper is short-term policy options to address greenhouse gas emissions from personal automobiles. Primary policies considered include gasoline taxes, carbon taxes, a carbon cap-andtrade program, cost-shifting initiatives, and a pay-at-thepump auto insurance scheme are examined closely. Pay-at-the-pump auto insurance is recommended on the basis of cost effectiveness, equity, pu...

Market reform of health insurance is proposed to increase coverage and reduce growth in spending by providing an incentive to choose low-cost plans. However, having a choice of plans could result in risk segmentation. Risk-adjusted payments have been proposed to address risk segmentation but are criticized as ineffective. An alternative to risk adjustment is to subsidize premiums, as in the Fed...

OBJECTIVE To describe the financial burden on TB patients for transportation during treatment, and to evaluate the impacts of the "transportation subsidy initiative on poor TB patients" in rural China for improving poor patients' access to TB treatment. METHODS A Case-cohort of 429 TB patients was investigated through questionnaire interviews in four counties of two provinces in China. Inform...

We investigate the optimal investment decision in renewables under market demand uncertainty, in the context of the Italian strategy for renewable deployment under the EU policy. Upon investing, the firm has to decide about the time and size of the investment. We find that a higher subsidy level induces the firm to invest earlier with a smaller investment capacity. This implies that a given env...

BACKGROUND The problem posed by therapeutic injection is a clinical practice issue that influences health care quality and patient safety. Although sufficient government subsidy was one of the 12 key interventions to promote rational drug use initiated by WHO (World Health Organization), limited information is available about the association between government subsidy and injection use in prima...

In this paper, we present an analytical model to investigate how the optimal production strategy of new energy vehicles (NEVs) is influenced by subsidy, market fluctuation, and loss aversion. We find that a loss averse decision maker may produce more production quantity than the optimal quantity in risk neutrality under the certain conditions. We demonstrate that the expected utility is substan...

This paper examines the impact of the Chinese recycling subsidy policy (CRS-policy) on the recycling and reuse industry across the whole product life cycle. We propose a closed-loop dynamic system to illustrate the production flow and interactions among various industry and market factors. A simulation analysis is conducted using data on gas auto engines in China to evaluate the effectiveness o...

Yemen is currently undergoing a major political transition, yet many economic challenges—including fuel subsidy reform—remain highly relevant. To inform the transition process with respect to a potential subsidy reform, we use a dynamic computable general equilibrium and microsimulation model for Yemen; we show that overall growth effects of subsidy reduction are positive in general, but povert...

This thesis studies how the various neighborhood organizations and the residents of a community in the City of New York, the Lower East Side, have been addressing the pressures of Abandonment in the 1970s and Gentrification in the 1980s. Case studies of neighborhood organized programs to mitigate the impact of abandonment and gentrification are studied to analyze the dynamics of the community. ...

This paper studies the effect of a subsidy (or tax) on a market where a downstream manufacturer uses a competitive tender to procure inputs from upstream suppliers. Subsidizing input production can result in input price decreases that are greater than the effective decrease in marginal costs. That is, overshifting occurs. When the size of the subsidy is not too large, the downstream firm can en...