A comprehensive assessment of the environmental and employment impacts international trade is essential for coordinating sustainable development between economy, environment, society. International an important driving force global economic growth. However, social under value chains (GVCs) have not yet been comprehensively characterized. This study aims to estimate from 2000–2014 on carbon emis...

In this paper, we first devise two algorithms to determine whether or not a bimatrix game has strategically equivalent zero-sum game. If so, propose an algorithm that computes the given is game, then approach compute whose saddle-point equilibrium can be mapped well-supported approximate Nash of original We conduct extensive numerical simulation establish efficacy algorithms.

I experimentally test play in five indefinitely repeated games: a hawk-dove game, a game of chicken, a trust game, a coordination (stag-hunt) game, and a constant-sum game. I compare the different game histories that affect decision making in each of the games. I find that the common game history relevant to decision-making across all but the constant-sum game is consistent with the strategy ti...

We consider the problem of finding stationary Nash equilibria (NE) in a finite discounted general-sum stochastic game. We first generalize a non-linear optimization problem from [9] to a general N player game setting. Next, we break down the optimization problem into simpler sub-problems that ensure there is no Bellman error for a given state and an agent. We then provide a characterization of ...

Since decades developing programs for board games has been part of AI research and this field has attracted computer developers and researchers world-wide. Board games have a novel feature of simple, precise, easily formalized rules which makes them perfect launch vehicle to make computer game playing in a suitable development environment. The paper focuses on the two players, full knowledge, a...

Abstract We consider two-player zero-sum differential games of fixed duration, where the running payoff and dynamics are both linear in controls players. Such have a value, which is determined by unique viscosity solution Hamilton–Jacobi-type partial equation. Approximation schemes for computing equations been proposed that valid more general setting, such can course be applied to problem at ha...

Multistage robust optimization problems can be interpreted as two-person zero-sum games between two players. We exploit this game-like nature and utilize a game tree search in order to solve quantified integer programs (QIPs). In algorithmic environment relaxations are repeatedly called asses the quality of branching variable for generation bounds. A useful relaxation, however, must well balanc...

A complex system exhibiting uncertainty as well randomness may be portrayed by an uncertain random singular difference equation. This paper investigates two-person nonzero-sum and zero-sum games based on equations. First, approach is proposed to translate the game into equivalent for a standard dynamic system. The relevant recursive equations are developed search Nash equilibrium converted game...

Deterrence has been a crucial element in fighting terrorism, both in actual politics and rational choice analyses of terrorism. But there are superior strategies to deterrence. One is to make terrorist attacks less attractive. Another to raise the opportunity cost – rather than the material cost – to terrorists. These alternative strategies effectively dissuade potential terrorists. The strateg...

Given a prediction of opponent behavior in a general-sum two-player normal form game, it is difficult to select a strategy that balances the opportunity to use the prediction to inform one’s action with the risk of becoming predictable. We propose Restricted Stackelberg Response with Safety (RSRS), a novel way of generating such a strategy. RSRS uses an r-safe Stackelberg equilibrium in a modif...