The United States Supreme Court has considered the question of whether a judge or a jury must make the findings necessary to support imposition of the death penalty in several notable cases, including Spaziano v. Florida (1984), Hildwin v. Florida (1989), and Ring v. Arizona (2002). In 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court revisited the subject in Hurst v. Florida Florida Statute § 921.141 allows the ju...

In 2018 the Supreme Court launched an electronic court service system (E-Court) and a year later online or E-Litigation was formed which is part of E-Court. This only implemented for criminal trials when Indonesia entered Health Emergency status due to spread COVID-19 virus created large-scale social restrictions (PSBB) in 2020, through Regulation (Perma) Num.. 4 2020 concerning Administration ...

Gloss to the judgement of Polish Supreme Administrative Court February 17, 2016 (case file no. II GSK 151/16, concerning inaction on taking oath from an attorney-at-law) The subject gloss is decision admissibility judicial control over in matter attorney-at-law, which determines effectiveness constitutional personal right a court. content and arguments have impact other procedures necessary ele...

Henry Monaghan famously argued that much of constitutional interpretation takes the form of what he termed constitutional common law, a body of doctrines and rules that are constitutionally inspired but not constitutionally required and that can be altered or reversed by Congress. This Essay argues that a fair amount of ordinary administrative law qualifies as constitutional common law: Constit...

In the commented order, Supreme Administrative Court held that state is obliged to grant Polish citizenship a person whose parents are of same sex, which results from birth certificate submitted by them, and implementation this obligation does not threaten public order Republic Poland. The use clause in such case legally justified constitutes form discrimination against child on basis content i...

In the General Election and Regional Head Law, Supervisory Board (Bawaslu) has authority supervisory to each stages, it is center for law enforcement activities of (Sentra Gakkumdu) criminal acts carrying out judicial functions investigating, examining, decided on administrative disputes Election. With Bawaslu’s then placed as a super-body institution in ranks Management Body, due its essential...

Introduction Interstate water disputes are an increasingly common occurrence throughout the United States, as the demands on transboundary water resources continue to increase in magnitude and diversity. These disputes can involve a variety of water-related issues. In the arid and semi-arid West, the interstate allocation-or "apportionment"-is normally the central and often only concern. In the...

This Essay offers the first in-depth examination of the role of colorblind constitutionalism in the history of Brown v. Board of Education. In light of the recent Supreme Court ruling in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, such an examination is needed today more than ever. In this case, Chief Justice John Roberts drew on the history of Brown to support his c...

The landmark 1972 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Jackson v. Indiana prohibited the indefinite commitment of criminal defendants on grounds of incompetence to stand trial if there was no substantial probability of restoration to competency in the foreseeable future. Such defendants are still subject to ordinary civil commitment; however, not all will meet civil commitment criteria, given that th...

In the analyzed judgment, Polish Supreme Administrative Court sets limits on tax authorities’ request for access to information pursuant Article 45 (1) of National Tax Administration Act. rationale emphasized that this provision concerns a specific form authority’s action with respect collection, use, and processing information. For reason, use such is subject certain restrictions. On basis pro...