The tibial shaft is the most common location of stress fractures in athletes. Tibial stress fractures are divided into 2 groups, anterior and posterior, based on location. Posterior tibial cortex fractures are more common and respond well to conservative treatment. Fractures in the anterior cortex are less common, accounting for only 4.6% of stress fractures, and they often heal poorly because ...

conclusions blood glucose and hemodynamic changes caused by surgical stress were not significantly different between two groups. results there was not significantly difference between blood glucose level of both groups during 10 minutes before, 20 and 60 minutes after the intiation of anesthesia. heart rate changes in the general and spinal groups compared to the baseline level were decreased u...

OBJECTIVES To look at the qualitative and quantitative changes in the luminal bacterial flora in response to surgical manipulation of the small intestine. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA The barrier function of the intestine is compromised in pathologic conditions, such as shock, trauma, or surgical stress. Our earlier work has shown that surgical manipulation results in oxidative stress in the intes...

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY No recommendations have been made regarding the relative timing of blood collection for autologous conditioned serum (ACS) preparation and surgical procedures. OBJECTIVES 1) To identify effects of surgical stress on cytokine levels in ACS, 2) identify haematological markers for prediction of cytokine production in ACS and 3) investigate the necessity for specialis...

Stress response caused by events such as surgical trauma includes endocrine, metabolic and immunological changes. Stress hormones and cytokines play a role in these reactions. More reactions are induced by greater stress, ultimately leading to greater catabolic effects. Cuthbertson reported the characteristic response that occurs in trauma patients: protein and fat consumption and protection of...