underground economy affects important indexes such as formal gdp, unemployment, consumption, production and etc. therefore it is necessary to identify elements and factors which affect underground economy to restrict it. surveys and studies indicate the size of iran’s underground economy is high and taxes, quantity and quality of regulations and performance of formal economy are the important f...

The financial crisis of 2007-2008 and the current sovereign debt crisis in Europe have focused attention on the macroeconomic consequences of debt financing. In this paper, we turn our attention to the use of debt finance in the corporate sector and study the generalequilibrium effects of debt finance on investment and growth. More precisely, we analyze underinvestment in equilibrium when marke...

An endogenous growth model is examined where individuals optimize consumption and tax evasion over time given the tax structure and tax compliance policy of the government. Applying methods of stochastic optimal control, the individual’s problem is solved and the rate of economic growth is derived. It is shown that for a given tax policy tax evasion spurs growth because it leads to higher savin...

O ver the last 40 years, the U.S. federal tax system has undergone three striking changes, each of which seems to move the federal tax system in the direction of less progressivity. First, there has been a dramatic decline in top marginal individual income tax rates. In the early 1960s, the statutory individual income tax rate applied to the marginal dollar of the highest incomes was 91 percent...

Traditional models of capital budgeting including taxes are based on deterministic tax rates and tax bases. In reality, however, there are multiple sources of tax uncertainty. Tax reforms induce frequent changes in both tax rates and tax bases, making future taxation of investments a stochastic process. Fiscal authorities and tax courts create additional tax uncertainty by interpreting current ...

Since Elton and Gruber's (E&G) original article on taxes and ex-dividend price behavior was published in 1970, over 100 articles have appeared in the leading journals of financial economics examining whether prices fall by less than the dividends and, if so, whether or not the phenomenon is due to tax effects, market microstructure effects, or some other effect. The microstructure argument is t...

economic times, states often legislate tax increases to create additional revenues, even though standard macroeconomic theory suggests that doing so dampens economic activity. Over the last decade or so, state governments have taken on more responsibility for administering social welfare programs. Thanks to abundant federal aid, a robust national economy, and a decline in the number of particip...

A tax-smoothing objective is used to assess the optimal composition of public debt with respect to maturity and contingencies. This objective motivates the government to make its debt payouts contingent on the levels of public outlay and the tax base. If these contingencies are present, but asset prices of non-contingent indexed debt are stochastic, then full tax smoothing dictates an optimal m...

We estimate the elasticity of charitable giving with respect to persistent and transitory price and income changes using a 1979–2006 panel of tax returns. Our estimation procedure allows for anticipation of and gradual adjustment to tax changes, controls for various potential sources of omitted variable bias via fi xed effects and income-class specifi c year dummies, and allows for a fl exible ...