Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a tropical neglected disease caused by Leishmania donovani, results in significant mortality in the Indian subcontinent. The plasticity of T cell proliferation and differentiation depends on microRNA mediated gene regulation which leads Th1/Th2 or Th17/Treg type of immune response during human VL. This study depicts the identification of target immune signaling mo...

BALB/c mice infected with the intracellular protozoan Leishmania major mount a T helper cell 2 (Th2) response that fails to control growth of the parasite and results in the development of visceral leishmaniasis. Separation of CD4+ T cells into CD45RBhigh and CD45RBlow subsets showed that the L. major-specific Th2 cells were contained within the CD45RBlow population as these cells produced high...

Abstract Recent studies have identified semaphorin 3E (Sema3E) as a novel mediator of immune responses. However, its function in immunity to infection has yet be investigated. Using mouse model chlamydial lung infection, we show that Sema3E plays significant role the host response infection. We found is induced after and deficiency detrimental impact on disease course, dendritic cell (DC) funct...

the cd30 antigen seems to play a costimulatory role in maintaining the physiological balance between t-helper (th)1/th2 immune responses. in this study, plasma and in vitro soluble cd30 (scd30) secretion was investigated in patients with coronary artery disease (cad) as a plausible marker of dysregulated immune response. twenty one patients with angiographically confirmed cad and 31 healthy con...

The immune system is composed of a complex network of different cell types protecting the body against various possible threats. Among these cells are T-helper (Th) cells type 1 (Th1) and type 2 (Th2), as well as T regulatory (Treg) cells. Th1 and Th2 are supposed to be in balance with each other, while Tregs regulate the immune response, by halting it when the desired effect, i.e. destroying t...

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in natural killer cell activation and the T helper 1 (Th1) cell response, particularly in collaboration with IL-12. Since Th1 cells play a pivotal role in the host defense against infection with intracellular microbes, such as Leishmania major, we investigated whether IL-18 is critically involved in protection aga...

The HN878 strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is regarded as "hypervirulent" due to its rapid growth and reduced survival of infected mice when compared with other clinical isolates. This property has been ascribed due to an early increase in type I IFNs and a failure to generate TH1-mediated immunity, induced by a response to an unusual cell wall phenolic glycolipid expressed by the HN878 iso...

Understanding the factors that control the differential induction of Th1 and Th2 responses is a key immunologic objective with profound implications for vaccination and immunotherapy of infectious and autoimmune diseases. Using Ag formulated in lipid vesicles prepared from nonionic surfactants, we describe a novel mechanism influencing the balance of the Th1 or Th2 response. Our results indicat...

Intra-macrophage bacterial infections cause significant morbidity and mortality in both the developed and developing world. Protective host immune responses to these infections initially requires the activation and expansion of pathogen-specific CD4 Th1 cells within lymphoid tissues and subsequent relocation of these effector cells to sites of infection. After entering infected tissues, the eli...