The control of optical fields on the nanometer scale is a central theme of plasmonics and nanophotonics. Methods for characterizing localized optical field distributions are necessary to validate theoretical predictions, to test nanofabrication procedures, and to provide feedback for design improvements. Typical methods of probing near fields (e.g., single molecule fluorescence and near-field m...

following the death of nader shah afshar, the province of kurdistan, with sanandaj being the capital, ruled by the local influential dynasty of ardalan, underwent a severe power struggle triggered by pretenders to the government of iran, just as many other provinces experienced a similar power struggle. in addition, the strategic location of kurdistan as the closest neighboring province of otto...

Abstract The 1930s Hindi short story “Mugaloṃ ne saltanat bakhś dī” (“The Mughals Gave the Sultanate Away”) by self-proclaimed apolitical author Bhagavatīcaraṇ Varmā offers an alternative version of how British Crown took rule India away from Mughal Empire. An in-depth analysis this written during buildup to decolonization evaluates two different kinds what is often referred as “outside rulers”...

This text supplements another, a paper presented decade ago on the portrayal of Umayyad rulers in Chronography Theophanes Confessor (B. Cecota, Islam, Arabs and Rulers according to Confessor’s Chronography, “Studia Ceranea” 2, 2012, p. 97–111). I am limiting myself here discussing only those source remarks which directly concern one Abbasid Caliphs, or alternatively, narratives structured such ...

When do authoritarian rulers eschew arbitrary rule and instead adhere to the rule of law? This paper seeks to address this puzzle in the Chinese context. Drawn theoretical insights from North and Weingast (1989), this paper proposes a simple theory to explain the variation of quality of courts at the sub-national level in China. I argue that due to specific incentives facing local Chinese Commu...

Anadolu’da 1243 Kösedağ Savaşı yenilgisiyle başlayan Moğol hâkimiyeti, 1256’dan sonra yerini İlhanlılara bırakmıştır. İlhanlı Devleti’nin siyasi egemenliği yaklaşık seksen yıl sürmüş ancak bu dönemde siyasi, ekonomik istikrar bir türlü sağlanamamıştır. Anadolu için genel politikası vergi toplamak üzerine kurulu olup, nedenle çeşitli dönemlerde komutan ve devlet adamları görevlendirilmiştir. Anc...

Abstract This article explains why Æthelflaed, ruler of Mercia, mattered to writers history in twelfth-century England. It argues that these evaluated and compared rulers based not on sex or bloodline, but the quality a ruler’s achievements relative set scale challenges faced. They thought Æthelflaed remarkable because her triumphs for Mercia distinguished from other rulers. The shows new under...