During drinking water treatment, chlorine reacts with total organic carbon (TOC) to form disinfection byproducts (DBP), some of which can be carcinogenic. Additional treatment required to remove TOC before chlorination significantly increases treatment cost. There are two main sources of TOC in a water supply reservoir: (1) the watershed draining to the reservoir, and (2) the internal loading w...

Carbon cycling on the east coast of Australia has the potential to be strongly affected by El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) intensification and coastal development (industrialization and urbanization). We performed paleoreconstructions of estuarine sediments from a seagrass-dominated estuary on the east coast of Australia (Tuggerah Lake, New South Wales) to test the hypothesis that millennia...

Understanding relationships between variability in historical fire occurrence and ocean–atmosphere oscillations provides opportunities for fire forecasting and projecting changes in fire regimes under climate change scenarios.We analysed tree-ring reconstructed regional climate teleconnections and fire–climate relationships in upper elevation forests (.2700m) from 16 sites in eight mountain ran...

An ocean general circulation model, forced with observed winds for the period 1958–97, was used to examine surface and subsurface temperature variability in the Indian Ocean and its relation to ENSO. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of temperature anomalies in the equatorial longitude-depth plane indicates that the leading mode of variability has a dipole character, with strongest l...

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon, a periodic warming of sea surface temperatures in the eastern and central equatorial Pacific, generates a significant proportion of short-term climate variations globally, second only to the seasonal cycle. Global economic losses of tens of billions of dollars are attributed to extremes of ENSO (i.e., El Niño and La Niña), suggesting that these ev...

A series of seasonally varying linear Markov models are constructed in a reduced multivariate empirical orthogonal function (MEOF) space of observed sea surface temperature, surface wind stress, and sea level analysis. The Markov models are trained in the 1980–95 period and are verified in the 1964–79 period. It is found that the Markov models that include seasonality fit to the data better in ...

Interannual El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and decadal ENSO-like climate variations of the Pacific Ocean basin are important contributors to the year-to-year (and longer) variations of the climate of North and South America. Analysis of historical observations of global sea-surface temperatures, global 500 mb pressure surfaces, and western hemisphere hydroclimatic variations that are linea...

Atmospheric temperature is one of the most important climate variables. This observational study presents detailed descriptions of the temperature variability imprinted in the 9-year brightness temperature data acquired by the Advanced Microwave Sounding UnitInstrument A (AMSU-A) aboard Aqua since September 2002 over tropical oceans. A non-linear, adaptive method called the Ensemble Joint Multi...

Singular vector analysis and Floquet analysis are carried out on a linearized variant of the Zebiak–Cane atmosphere–ocean model of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), hereinafter called the nominal model. The Floquet analysis shows that the system has a single unstable mode. This mode has a shape and frequency similar to ENSO and is well described by delayed oscillator physics. Singular vector...

A four-dimensional variational (4D-Var) data assimilation method is implemented in an improved intermediate coupled model (ICM) of the tropical Pacific. A twin experiment is designed to evaluate the impact of the 4D-Var data assimilation algorithm on ENSO analysis and prediction based on the ICM. The model error is assumed to arise only from the parameter uncertainty. The “observation” of the S...