In this study the performances of various non-circular microchannel heat sinks (normalized with circular shape) have been comparatively analyzed for CuO-water nanofluid and baseline pure water flow. Nusselt number and Poiseuille number for each microchannel and thermo-physical properties of CuO-water nanofluid (viz., thermal conductivity, viscosity, specific heat and density) have been designed...

Proton exchange membranes were prepared by radiation-induced grafting of styrene onto commercial poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene) films using a simultaneous irradiation technique followed by a sulfonation reaction. The resulting membranes were characterized by measuring their physicochemical properties such as water uptake, ion exchange capacity, hydration number, and proton con...

The presence of atmosphere can appreciably warm a planet's surface above the temperature of an airless environment. Known as a natural Greenhouse Effect (GE), this near-surface Atmospheric Thermal Enhancement (ATE) as named herein is presently entirely attributed to the absorption of up-welling long-wave radiation by greenhouse gases. Often quoted as 33 K for Earth, GE is estimated as a differe...

We report two effects that lead to a significant reduction of the switching field distribution in exchange spring media. The first effect relies on a subtle mechanism of the interplay between exchange coupling between soft and hard layers and anisotropy that allows significant reduction of the switching field distribution in exchange spring media. This effect reduces the switching field distrib...

A homeothermic animal maintains a balance between its heat production and the physical processes of heat exchange with its environment by regulating its physiology and behavior. The complexity of heat transfer is beyond comprehension, but the characteristics of heat transfer for different animals in different habitats can be determined through analytical procedures. For example, evaporation los...