The estimation of the causal effect an endogenous treatment based on instrumental variable (IV) is often complicated by non-observability outcome interest due to attrition, sample selection, or survey non-response. To tackle latter problem, latent ignorability (LI) assumption imposes that attrition/sample selection independent conditional compliance type (i.e., how behaves as a function instrum...

In land reclamation projects, the vacuum preloading method has been widely used to strengthen dredged fills by removing water. However, during improvement process, clogging inevitably occurs in drains and soils, hindering water drainage causing inhomogeneous consolidation results. Therefore, it is essential evaluate effect of on behavior slurry at different radii. this study, analytical solutio...

Observers completed perceptual categorization tasks that included separate base-rate/payoff manipulations, corresponding simultaneous base-rate/payoff manipulations, and conflicting simultaneous base-rate/payoff manipulations. Performance was (a) closer to optimal for 2:1 than 3:1 base-rate/payoff ratios, and when base-rates, as opposed to payoffs were manipulated, and (b) was more in line with...