This paper overviews the short-term (biophysical) and long-term (out to around 100 year timescales; biogeochemical and biogeographical) influences of the land surface on weather and climate. From our review of the literature, the evidence is convincing that terrestrial ecosystem dynamics on these timescales significantly influence atmospheric processes. In studies of past and possible future cl...

Many neural systems extend their dynamic range by adaptation. We examine the timescales of adaptation in the context of dynamically modulated rapidly-varying stimuli, and demonstrate in the fly visual system that adaptation to the statistical ensemble of the stimulus dynamically maximizes information transmission about the time-dependent stimulus. Further, while the rate response has long trans...

This paper overviews the short-term (biophysical) and long-term (out to around 100 year timescales; biogeochemical and biogeographical) influences of the land surface on weather and climate. From our review of the literature, the evidence is convincing that terrestrial ecosystem dynamics on these timescales significantly influence atmospheric processes. In studies of past and possible future cl...

quency motions, the so called "essential" degrees of freedom [1, 2], which typically appear in timescales of nanoseconds to microseconds and play important roles in signalling, activation and enzyme function. Despite the rapid growth of computer power these timescales are not accessible with current molecular dynamic simulations systems. The CONCOORD system attempts to alleviate this sampling p...

In this paper, a Multiresolution Analysis is conducted in order to study the self-similar features of Optical Burst Switching (OBS) traffic. The scenario consists of an OBS backbone with input traffic from a large number of Internet users, that generate Poisson-arriving heavytailed bursts. The results show that long-range dependence is preserved at timescales longer than the burst assembly time...

We propose a simple hierarchical infinite HMM (iHMM) model, an extension to (iHMM) with efficient inference scheme. The model can capture dynamics of a sequence in two timescales and does not suffer from the problems of other related models in terms of implementation and time complexity. We use the model to analyze the dynamics in two timescales of some synthetic and real physiological data. We...

Considerable insights into the mechanisms and timescales of protein folding have been obtained from detailed studies of minimal off-lattice models. These models are coarse-grained representations of polypeptide chains. Many novel predictions of the mechanisms and timescales of the folding of proteins have been made using simulations of off-lattice models. The concepts derived from these simulat...

Asteroids, mainly rocky or metallic bodies in the inner solar system, orbit the Sun in various distinct populations (planet-crossers, main-belt asteroids, trans-Neptunian Edgeworth-Kuiper belt objects, Centaurs in the outer planetary region) between which there are transfers over substantial timescales. For example the main belt is the main reservoir replenishing the Earth-crossing asteroids, t...

We model the transport of gas through the martian subsurface in order to quantify the timescales of release of a trace gas with a source at depth using a Fickian model of diffusion through a putative martian regolith column. The model is then applied to the case of methane to determine if diffusive transport of gas can explain previous observations of methane in the martian atmosphere. We inves...

Living cells are viscoelastic materials, with the elastic response dominating at long timescales (≳1 ms)1. At shorter timescales, the dynamics of individual cytoskeleton filaments are expected to emerge, but active microrheology measurements on cells accessing this regime are scarce2. Here, we develop high-frequency microrheology (HF-MR) to probe the viscoelastic response of living cells from 1...