Excited-state palladium catalysis is an efficient process for the alkylation of diverse organic compounds via generation alkyl radicals from bromides and iodides. However, more stable chlorides remains challenging. Herein, we demonstrate excited-state palladium-catalyzed synthesis oxindoles isoquinolinediones alkylation/annulation reaction by overcoming inherent limitations associated with unac...

Alkylation is a very important chemical reaction which modifies the biological properties of drugs. Quinazolinedione derivatives are of considerable interest due to their wide array of pharmacological properties.We now report application of a practical alkylation procedure to several quinazolinediones, including pelanserine (5f), which shows antihypertensive properties, 1-methyl-3-(2'-phenyleth...

The catalytic oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid in the liquid phase has been studied in an un-stirred tank reactor. Low concentration of acetic acid was added in order to increase the solubility of the catalyst in toluene. The dependence of the rate of reaction on the concentration of toluene catalyst and oxygen pressure was studied. It has been suggested that liquid phase oxidation of t...

A oligomerização do propeno foi realizada utilizando o complexo dibromo-bis(N,N’difenilpentano-2,4-diimina)niquel(II) como precursor catalítico combinado ao sesquicloreto de etilalumínio (Al2Et3Cl3, EASC) como co-catalisador. A 10 oC, usando o tolueno como solvente, altas frequências de rotação foram obtidas (até 57000 h) com alta seletividade em produtos C6 (até > 99%) e seletividade moderada ...

Toluene is a major industrial solvent and substance of abuse which is ototoxic in rats as shown by both behavioral testing and measurement of brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) thresholds. The objective of this investigation was to examine the morphological (hair cell loss) and functional (BAER threshold elevations) changes resulting from toluene administration. In the preliminary experi...

Toluene and o-xylene were completely mineralized to stoichiometric amounts of carbon dioxide, methane, and biomass by aquifer-derived microorganisms under strictly anaerobic conditions. The source of the inoculum was creosote-contaminated sediment from Pensacola, Fla. The adaptation periods before the onset of degradation were long (100 to 120 days for toluene degradation and 200 to 255 days fo...

Single-well, push-pull tests were conducted in a contaminated aquifer to evaluate the ability of toluene-oxidizing microorganisms to cometabolize chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs), such as trichloroethene (TCE). Test solutions were injected into the aquifer using a standard monitoring well, and then were transported under natural-gradient conditions. Transport tests demonstrated similar...

Hydroxyl radical (OH) oxidation of toluene produces ring-retaining products: cresol and benzaldehyde, and ring-opening products: bicyclic intermediate compounds and epoxides. Here, firstand later-generation OH oxidation products from cresol and benzaldehyde are identified in laboratory chamber experiments. For benzaldehyde, first-generation ring-retaining products are identified, but later-gene...

The relationship between toluene concentration and the rate of leakage of solutes from toluene-treated roots and leaves of Sorghum bicolor, L. Moench, was studied to determine the effect of toluene on plant cell membranes. A threshold concentration of 0.2% toluene was needed to induce leakage. Maximal leakage rates were obtained with 0.5% toluene. Low molecular weight solutes, such as amino aci...

The separation of aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylenes) from C4 to C10 aliphatic hydrocarbon mixtures is challenging since these hydrocarbons have boiling points in a close range and several combinations form azeotropes. In this work, we investigated the separation of toluene from heptane by extraction with ionic liquids. Several ionic liquids are suitable for extr...