root fracture injuries affect up to 7% of permanent teeth. this type of injury is rarely seen in teeth with open apices and depending on the fracture site, the prognosis is good. this case report describes a horizontal intra-alveolar root fracture in the middle third of a maxillary central incisor associated with an extrusive luxation of the coronal segment and its treatment in a 6-year-old gir...

although esthetic is a relative issue, depending upon the country and culture, almost all around the world, there is a consensus that a beautiful set of teeth is the one which is white and bright and is aligned regularly. in iran also the main feature of a beautiful tooth is its whiteness. during the past decades and centuries, tooth discoloration was considered as an esthetic issue and differe...