Developmental dental anomalies refer to deviation from the normal size, shape, number or structure of external and internal anatomy of a tooth. Their presence have functional and clinical significance. With no definite reason some dental anomalies may occur commonly in some specific teeth like microdontia in maxillary lateral incisors, dens invaginatus in maxillary lateral incisors, dens evagin...

Current methods to produce 3-dimensional tooth root models involve conversion from radiographic means (computed tomography) or creation using computer-assisted design (CAD) software. The former lacks detail while the second is manually fabricated and can bear little resemblance to the original. Thin-plate splines have been used in morphometrics to define changes of shape between subjects of the...

In the present study, the computational performance of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) harmony search (HS) and firefly algorithm (FA), as popular metaheuristics, is investigated for size and shape optimization of truss structures. The PSO was inspired by the social behavior of organisms such as bird flocking. The HS imitates the musical performance process which takes place when a musicia...

Aerodynamic shape optimization has many industrial applications. Existing methods, however, are so computationally demanding that typical engineering practices are to either simply try a limited number of hand-designed shapes or restrict oneself to shapes that can be parameterized using only few degrees of freedom. In this work, we introduce a new way to optimize complex shapes fast and accurat...

Risk-averse optimization has attracted much attention in nite-dimensional stochastic programming. In this paper, we propose a risk-averse approach in the in nite dimensional context of shape optimization. We consider elastic materials under stochastic loading. As measures of risk awareness we investigate the expected excess and the excess probability. The developed numerical algorithm is based ...

PURPOSE This study examined the factors that can be associated with the appearance of the interproximal papilla. METHODS One hundred and forty-seven healthy interproximal papillae between the maxillary central incisors were examined. For each subject, a digital photograph and periapical radiograph of the interdental embrasure were taken using a 1-mm grid metal piece. The following parameters ...

Presented in this paper is an approach to construct a C-continuous surface for a mesh of arbitrary topology. The construction process is subdivision surface based, with modification performed on extra-ordinary patches to ensure C-continuity of the resulting surface. Implementation is easy because modification is patch-based. The resulting surface has an explicit expression of the form WMG for e...

A n endosteal implant is an alloplastic material surgically inserted into a residual bony ridge primarily as a prosthodontic foundation.1 The prefix endo means “within,” and osteal means “bone.”2 The major subcategory of endosteal implants covered in this text are root form implants. The term endosseous also is used in the literature. Because the term osseous also indicates bone, either term is...