Z-scan technique is an effective tool for measuring the optical nonlinearity of the materials. By using this technique the measurement was made for total protein and albumin. The nonlinear refractive index of the total protein and albumin were found to vary linearly with concentration. Hence by calculating the nonlinear refractive index it is possible to measure their concentration in the sampl...

We introduce an information theoretic measure of statistical structure, called ‘binding information’, for sets of random variables, and compare it with several previously proposed measures including excess entropy, Bialek et al.’s predictive information, and the multi-information. We derive some of the properties of the binding information, particularly in relation to the multi-information, and...

In 2011, China continues to be the world’s largest recipient of direct foreign investment—which in 2010 totaled US$105 billion. China is also the world’s second largest economy after the U.S. Once a staunchly Communist state, China now advocates a “social market economy” as its business system. The purpose of this paper is threefold. First, this paper seeks to understand what is meant by a “soc...

Copy right Idea Grou p Inc . Copy right Idea Grou p Inc . Internet online sales totaled $7.8 billion for 1998, with the average online shopper spending $629 (Fasig, 1999). During the 1999 holiday season, online sales were reportedly double that of 1998 at many “e-tailers” (although final statistics had not been published as this chapter went to press). As Web-based consumer sales grow, so does ...

We are increasingly dependent on information systems for business as well as for personal usage. However, for information systems to provide value to their customers, we must reduce the complexity associated with their deployment and usage. While the cost of hardware and software in such systems continue to decrease dramatically through technological advances and competition, the total cost of ...

this study aims to inspect the performance of the wastewater treatment system of the pars oil refinery. quantity and quality of wastewater are determined through samplings and measurements. the performance of system is evaluated considering total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, phosphate, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, furfural, oil and ph. for pr...

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