 Trichloroethylene is readily absorbed following exposure by inhalation or ingestion and to some extent following skin contact  Following absorption trichloroethylene is distributed throughout the body  Trichloroethylene undergoes metabolism via an oxidative pathway  The main metabolites are trichloroethanol, trichloroethanol-glucuronide and trichloroacetic acid  Trichloroethylene is excre...

 Acute inhalation or ingestion may cause nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and difficulty breathing  Acute inhalation or ingestion can also cause liver and kidney damage which in severe cases may lead to coma and death  Dermal exposure may cause irritation and contact with undiluted carbon tetrachloride may cause a burning sensation and redness  Ocular exposu...

 Cadmium is more efficiently absorbed from the lungs than the gastrointestinal tract  Cadmium is widely distributed in the body bound mainly to red blood cells. It accumulates in the kidney and liver, where it induces the production of metallothionein that binds approximately 80 90 % of cadmium in the body  There is little or no metabolism of cadmium although it binds to various macromolecul...

 Inhaled phosphine is absorbed rapidly from the lungs and distributed round the body  Inhaled or ingested zinc, aluminium and magnesium phosphides release phosphine into the respiratory tract and stomach; zinc phosphide can be absorbed intact from the gut  Dermal absorption of phosphine or phosphides is not considered a significant route of exposure  The majority of absorbed phosphine is ex...

Capillary gas chromatography with nitrogen-specific detection allows rapid screening of numerous drugs of toxicological interest. However, for accurate identification of individual peaks, the system must be well calibrated, e.g., through the use of retention indices (RI). To overcome problems associated with the use of RI's based on homologous series determined with nitrogen-specific detectors,...

Background: Broad spectrum drug screening, also known as systematic toxicological analysis or general unknown screening (GUS), is a method commonly used by clinical and forensic toxicology laboratories to detect a variety of drugs and metabolites in biological fluids. Recently, there has been much interest in liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LCHRMS) techniques for GUS as...

Pesticides are an important hazard in agriculture. In developed countries their use is strictly regulated. Risk assessment for new pesticides includes comparison of the potential exposures of spray operators and other farm workers with a reference value. Usually, this is derived from toxicological studies in animals with allowance for the uncertainties in extrapolating between and within specie...

Nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionise our futures, but has also prompted concerns about the possibility that nanomaterials may harm humans or the biosphere. The unique properties of nanoparticles, that give them novel size dependent functionalities, may also have the potential to cause harm. Discrepancies in existing human health and environmental studies have shown the importance o...