Addition of cyclic AMP to normal rabbit reticulocyte lysate brings about substantial increase in protein synthesis programmed by both nuclear and polysomal eukaryotic RNAs. The increase in synthesis is largely nonspecific and the in-vitro translation system is rendered viable for longer periods of time than in the absence of cyclic AMP. This stimulation of translation could be due to the inhibi...

Hierarchical phrase-based machine translation can capture global reordering with synchronous context-free grammar, but has little ability to evaluate the correctness of word orderings during decoding. We propose a method to integrate word-based reordering model into hierarchical phrasebased machine translation to overcome this weakness. Our approach extends the synchronous context-free grammar ...

A lightweight, human-in-the-loop evaluation scheme for machine translation (MT) systems is proposed. It extrinsically evaluates MT systems using human subjects’ scores on second language ability test problems that are machine-translated to the subjects’ native language. A largescale experiment involving 320 subjects revealed that the context-unawareness of the current MT systems severely damage...

In this paper a rule-based Lisp dialect translator using paramodulation is presented as an example of a general purpose program translator application where the knowledge about the translation is embedded in rules. The advantage of using a rule-based system is to allow the user to supply his own rules for translation, thus the translator can be considered as a general purpose converter. Also, t...

The report describes computational and psychological experiments carried out under grant number GR/H29179 from the Science and Engineering Research Council of Great Britain. These would not have been possible without the gracious assistance of Ian Mason of Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh. We aimed to assess the usefulness of a new technique for the evaluation of translation quality, comparing...

This paper describes the application of machine translation in overcoming language barriers for global e-commerce at eBay. We look at how buyers are provided the ability to perform cross-lingual search by translation of their search queries into the language of the listed items. We also show the process of translating item titles and descriptions from the inventory language into the user’s pref...

We propose a new formally syntax-based method for statistical machine translation. Transductions between parsing trees are transformed into a problem of sequence tagging, which is then tackled by a searchbased structured prediction method. This allows us to automatically acquire translation knowledge from a parallel corpus without the need of complex linguistic parsing. This method can achieve ...

Statistical machine translation (SMT) is based on the ability to effectively learn word and phrase relationships from parallel corpora, a process which is considerably more difficult when the extent of morphological expression differs significantly across the source and target languages. We present techniques that select appropriate word segmentations in the morphologically rich source language...

Insulin production in pancreatic beta cells is predominantly regulated through glucose control of proinsulin translation. Previously, this was shown to require sequences within the untranslated regions (UTRs) of the preproinsulin (ppI) mRNA. Here, those sequences were found to be sufficient for specific glucose-regulated proinsulin translation. Furthermore, an element 40-48 bp from the 5' end o...

The successful survival and proliferation of a cell is contingent upon its ability to produce the correct proteins in the correct amounts at the correct times. Myriad regulatory processes have evolved to orchestrate the intricate steps that ensure expression of the appropriate genes when they are needed. This issue's Molecular Biology Select discusses recent reports that uncover or characterize...