A mutant of Escherichia coli unable to metabolize succinate has been used to study the nature of succinate transport in whole cells. It is demonstrated that cells accumulate succinate against a concentration gradient. The uptake of succinate is competitively inhibited by fumarate and malate. The Michaelis constants for the dicarboxylic acids are all in the range of 15 to 30 pM. The accumulation...

Cattle and sheep are exported from Australia by sea and form a significant market for Australian animals. For instance, in both 2006 and 2007 over half a million cattle were exported by sea from Australia, with the majority travelling the short journey to Indonesia. Other destinations included other Asian countries and the Middle East; about one tenth of the cattle travelled the “long haul” voy...