We previously demonstrated that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is nonrandom and that double infection occurs more frequently than predicted from random events. To probe the possible mechanisms for nonrandom infection, we examined the role of HIV-1 entry pathways by using viruses pseudotyped with either CCR5-tropic HIV-1 Env or vesicular stomatitis virus G protein (VSV G)....

CCR5 is a chemokine receptor expressed by T cells and macrophages, which also functions as the principal coreceptor for macrophage (M)-tropic strains of HIV-1. To understand the molecular basis of the binding of chemokines and HIV-1 to CCR5, we developed a number of mAbs that inhibit the various interactions of CCR5, and mapped the binding sites of these mAbs using a panel of CCR5/CCR2b chimera...

Qualitative differences among strains of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) may influence viral infectivity for cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and determine or at least significantly influence the neuropathogenesis of brain infection. In this study, we compared infectivity for these cells in vitro among several different laboratory-adapted HIV-1 strains differing in cellular...

The simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) macaque model of AIDS has provided a valuable system with which to investigate vaccine approaches for protection against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. In particular, the ability of macaques persistently infected with attenuated infectious molecular clones of SIV to resist challenge with the pathogenic parental swarm has conclusive...

The stage of differentiation and the lineage of CD4+ cells profoundly affect their susceptibility to infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). While CD4(+) T lymphocytes in patients are readily susceptible to HIV-1 infection, peripheral blood monocytes are relatively resistant during acute or early infection, even though monocytes also express CD4 and viral strains with macropha...

The aim of the study was to determine tropism human immunodeficiency virus in patients with virological failure antiretroviral therapy (ART) from Arkhangelsk Region based on analysis env gene V3 loop nucleotide sequence. Materials and methods . We used blood plasma samples obtained 76 HIV-infected persons therapy. sequences HIV C2-V3-C3 region were studied by PCR followed sequencing. genotype s...

Blocking HIV-1 cell entry has long been a major goal of anti-HIV drug development. Here, we report a successful design of two highly potent chimeric HIV entry inhibitors composed of one CCR5-targeting RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) variant (5P12-RANTES or 5P14-RANTES (Gaertner, H., Cerini, F., Escola, J. M., Kuenzi, G., Melotti, A., Offord, R., Rossitto-Bo...

The human chemokine receptors, CCR5 and CXCR4, are potential host targets for exogenous, small-molecule antagonists for the inhibition of HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 strains can be categorised by co-receptor tropism - their ability to utilise CCR5 (CCR5-tropic), CXCR4 (CXCR4-tropic) or both (dual-tropic) as a co-receptor for entry into susceptible cells. CCR5 may be the more suitable co-receptor tar...