The problem of tropical cyclone formation requires among other things an improved understanding of recirculating flow regions on sub-synoptic scales in a time evolving flow with typically sparse real-time data. This recirculation problem has previously been approached assuming as a first approximation both a layer-wise two-dimensional and nearly steady flow in a co-moving frame with the parent ...

The global burden of influenza is unknown but thought to be considerable. In 2008, the global estimate of influenza-associated severe acute lower respiratory illness in children <5 years was 1 million cases1 , and the World Health Organization (WHO) suggests that 3-5 million severe cases occur in persons of all ages each 2 . In temperate regions, influenza usually causes annual outbreaks during...

In this review, we mainly focus on zoonotic encephalitides caused by arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) of the families Flaviviridae (genus Flavivirus) and Togaviridae (genus Alphavirus) that are important in both humans and domestic animals. Specifically, we will focus on alphaviruses (Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Western equine encephalitis virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus...

5 [1] The assumption that tropical cyclones respond primarily to sea surface temperatures (SSTs) local to 6 their main development regions underlies much of the concern regarding the possible impacts of 7 anthropogenic greenhouse warming on tropical cyclone statistics. Here the observed relationship between 8 changes in sea surface temperature and tropical cyclone intensities in the Atlantic ba...