abstract the high prevalence of diabetes in iran and other developing countries is chiefly attributed to urbanization. the objectives of the present study were to assess the prevalence of self-reported diabetes and to determine its associated risk factors. this study is a part of the national noncommunicable disease risk factor surveillance, conducted in 31 provinces of iran in 2011. first, 100...

background and purpose: utilization of health care services and food influence the health status. the food and health care expenditure ratios determine the importance level of them in household's consumption expenditures. we aimed to investigate the iranian rural and urban food and health expenditure ratios inequality during 1998 to 2012. materials and methods: this is a descriptive longit...

cryptosporidium parvum is a zoonotic protozoan parasite with a wide range of vertebrate hosts. the present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of cryptosporidium parvum in urban and rural dogs of the ahvaz area. faecal samples were collected randomly from 93 dogs between may 2005 and september 2007. the studied dogs were divided into two groups (urban and rural) and based on age int...

conclusions considering iran’s economic condition during the last five years, the catastrophic health expenditure headcount ratio was more than 2% in iran. materials and methods this descriptive study on iranian rural and urban households was conducted from april to june 2015. the sample sizes were 19437 rural and 18888 urban households that iranian statistical centre (isc) selected them throug...

OBJECTIVE To analyse rural-urban and intra-rural disparities in health status in Canada and to compare Canada with Australia with respect to such disparities. DESIGN Four indicators were used to show rural-urban and intra-rural differences in health status: (i) mortality due to circulatory diseases, (ii) mortality due to cancer, (iii) injury-related mortality; and (iv) all-cause mortality. Ru...

the first experimental sam for iran was constructed more than three decades ago under the supervision of prof. pyatt. based on this work prof pyatt had observed that the way in which iran was spending oil revenues was likely to exacerbate urban—rural income differentials in iran. in his approach to sam he did not distinguish between factorial and institutional income distributions preferring to...

BACKGROUND Childhood fevers due to malaria remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality among under-five children in Nigeria. The degree of vulnerability perceived by mothers will affect their perception of the severity and threat of their child's fever and the patterns of health care use. This study was undertaken to compare maternal responses to childhood fever in urban and rural areas of ...

BACKGROUND Urbanization can strongly impact the physiology, behavior, and fitness of animals. Conditions in cities may also promote the transmission and success of animal parasites and pathogens. However, to date, no studies have examined variation in the prevalence or severity of several distinct pathogens/parasites along a gradient of urbanization in animals or if these infections increase ph...