introduction use of hadron therapy as an advanced radiotherapy technique is increasing. in this method, secondary particles are produced through primary beam interactions with the beam-transport system and the patient’s body. in this study, monte carlo simulations were employed to determine the dose of produced secondary particles, particularly neutrons during treatment. materials and methods i...

BACKGROUND Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) is virtually universal in the United States. Although the uses of these chemicals as flame retardants in fabrics, foams, and plastics are well defined, human exposure pathways are not well understood. OBJECTIVES This study was designed to assess current PBDE body burdens and identify residential sources of exposure among 29 m...

Information Technology (IT) is the study of systems especially computers for storing, retrieving, and sending information. It uses any networking and other physical devices, infrastructures to secure and exchange all forms of electronic data. IT is used globally as a major portion of daily life and we use it nearly every day within organizations for many reasons. Our computers, mobile phones an...

On-chip electron sources have wide potential applications in miniature vacuum electronic devices and emission efficiency is one of their performance benchmarks. A cascade source based on series metal-insulator-metal horizontal tunneling junctions proposed, where free electrons are additively extracted from each junction. with n shows a theoretical approximately {\eta}(n)=1-(1-{\eta}_0 )^n, {\et...

A measurement apparatus is designed and fabricated to measure the effective thermal conductivity (keff) of a VIP (vacuum insulation panel) core specimen under various vacuum states and external loads. The apparatus consists of part for measuring keff, and parts for controlling external load and vacuum condition. Uncertainty of the apparatus is validated by measuring the standard reference mater...