OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of spectacle correction of astigmatism during preschool on best-corrected recognition visual acuity (VA), grating VA, and meridional amblyopia (difference between acuity for vertical versus horizontal gratings) once the children reach kindergarten. DESIGN Comparative case series. PARTICIPANTS Seventy-three astigmatic (right eye > or =1.50 diopters [D] cylinde...

Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) has been widely used to estimate forest biomass. In this study, we aim to further explore this capability by correlating horizontal and vertical distribution of LiDAR data with components of biomass in a Picea crassifolia forest. Airborne small footprint full-waveform data were decomposed to acquire higher density point clouds. We calculated LiDAR metrics at ...

Unlike horizontal crawling, vertical crawling involves two counteracting forces: torque rotating the body around its center of mass and gravity resisting forward movement. The influence of these forces on kinematics has been examined in the soft-bodied larval stage of Manduca sexta. We found that crawling and climbing are accomplished using the same movements, with both segment timing and prole...

In this paper we present an algebraic approach to statecharts as they are used in the Statemate tool in the style of "Petri-Nets are Monoids" for place-transition nets developed by Meseguer and Montanari. We apply the framework of high-level-replacement systems, a categorical generalization of graph transformation systems, in order to deene union as horizontal as well as transformation and reen...

While research on the spatial representation of number has provided substantial evidence for a horizontally oriented mental number line, recent studies suggest vertical organization as well. Directly comparing the relative strength of horizontal and vertical organization, however, we found no evidence of spontaneous vertical orientation (upward or downward), and horizontal trumped vertical when...

The Orbit Response Matrix (ORM) method was applied to model the GSI heavy ion synchrotron SIS18. Using the horizontal and vertical closed orbit (CO) data we are able to calibrate 18 steerers (6 horizontal and 12 vertical), 24 BPMs (12 horizontal and 12 vertical) and 24 quadrupole gradients (12 horizontal and 12 vertical). We present the results of several measurements done in February-April 200...

To operate in civil airspace, unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) are expected to maintain safe separation from other aircraft. Self-separation and Collision Avoidance Systems (CAS) designed for unmanned aircraft are under development to meet this requirement. To maintain airspace safety, these systems must interoperate safely with CAS onboard manned aircraft. Whereas manned aircraft CAS such as TC...

A well-studied problem in the literature on airline revenue (or yield) management is the optimal allocation of seat inventory among fare classes given a demand distribution for each class. In practice, the seat allocation decisions of one airline affect the passenger demands for seats on other airlines. In this paper we examine the seat inventory control problem under both horizontal competitio...